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Chinese Physics Letters

Generalized Positive-Definite Operator in Quantum Phase Space Obtained by Virtue of the Weyl Quantization Rule

Liyun Hu, Fan Hong‐Yi

Published Jun 1, 2009• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We introduce a generalized positive-definite operator Δ g (q,p) by smoothing out the Wigner operator Δ w (q,p) and by averaging over the “coarse graining" function. The function is then regarded as the classical Weyl correspondence of the operator Δ g (q,p); in this way we can easily identify a quantum state |Φ〉 such that Δ g (q,p) = |Φ〉 〈Φ|, and |Φ〉 turns out to be a new kind of squeezed coherent state. Correspondingly, the generalized distribution function for any state |Ψ〉 is 〈Ψ|Δ g (q,p)|Ψ〉 = |〈Φ|Ψ〉| 2 , which is obviously positive-definite and is a generalization of the Husimi function.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/26/6/060307

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We introduce a generalized positive-definite operator Δ g (q,p) by smoothing out the Wigner operator Δ w (q,p) and by averaging over the “coarse graining" function. The function is then regarded as the classical Weyl correspondence of the operator Δ g (q,p); in this way we can easily identify a quantum state |Φ〉 such that Δ g (q,p) = |Φ〉 〈Φ|, and |Φ〉 turns out to be a new kind of squeezed coherent state. Correspondingly, the generalized distribution function for any state |Ψ〉 is 〈Ψ|Δ g (q,p)|Ψ〉 = |〈Φ|Ψ〉| 2 , which is obviously positive-definite and is a generalization of the Husimi function.
In this paper, the so-called Husimi operator Δ h ( q , p ; κ), which is introduced by smoothing out the Wigner operator Δ w ( q , p ) by averaging over the "coarse graining" function exp[-κ( q '- q ) 2 - ( p ' - p ) 2 /κ], is now regarded as a Weyl correspondence connecting the Husimi operator Δ h ( q , p ; κ) with its classical correspondence, since the integration kernel is just the Wigner operator. In this way we can easily identify | p , q ;κ⟩ such that Δ h ( q , p ;κ) = | p , q ;κ⟩ ⟨ p , q ;κ|, where | p , q ; κ⟩ is a new kind of squeezed coherent states. The entangled Husimi operator is also treated in this way. Thus a simple way to find the Husimi operator is presented.
The modulus squared of a class of wavefunctions defined on phase space is used to define a generalized family of Q or Husimi functions. A parameter λ specifies orderings in a mapping from the operator |ψ⟩⟨σ| to the corresponding phase space wavefunction, where σ is a given fiducial vector. The choice λ = 0 specifies the Weyl mapping and the Q -function so obtained is the usual one when |σ⟩ is the vacuum state. More generally, any choice of λ in the range (−1, 1) corresponds to orderings varying between standard and anti-standard. For all such orderings the generalized Q -functions are non-negative by construction. They are shown to be proportional to the expectation of the system state with respect to a generalized displaced squeezed state which depends on λ and position ( p , q ) in phase space. Thus, when a system has been prepared in the state , a generalized Q -function is proportional to the probability of finding it in the generalized squeezed state. Any such Q -function can also be written as the smoothing of the Wigner function for the system state by convolution with the Wigner function for the generalized squeezed state.
Abstract Coherent states, in Wigner representation of quantum mechanics which is classical in structure with Wigner function playing the role of classical phase space probability distribution, and standard quantum mechanical expression for average values of corresponding Weyl quantum operators, general expression for matrix elements of the operator corresponding to phase of the oscillator by Weyl procedure, are obtained in the |n〉 basis. The general expression for matrix elements in the same basis of any other operator is also obtained. As the only mathematical technique necessary in the proposed procedure is a simple change of variables to polar coordinates in the corresponding integrals, this way to introduce Weyl phase operator, and some other operators in Weyl quantization, greatly simplifies necessary derivations and calculations.
This thesis describes quantum mechanics in the phase space formulation. We introduce quantization and in particular the Weyl quantization. We study a general class of phase space distribution functions on phase space. The Wigner distribution function is one such distribution function. The Wigner distribution function in general attains negative values and thus can not be interpreted as a real probability density, as opposed to for example the Husimi distribution function. The Husimi distribution however does not yield the correct marginal distribution functions known from quantum mechanics. Properties of the Wigner and Husimi distribution function are studied to more extent. We calculate the Wigner and Husimi distribution function for the energy eigenstates of a particle trapped in a box. We then look at the semi classical limit for this example. The time evolution of Wigner functions are studied by making use of the Moyal bracket. The Moyal bracket and the Poisson bracket are compared in the classical limit. The phase space formulation of quantum mechanics has as advantage that classical concepts can be studied and compared to quantum mechanics. For certain quantum mechanical systems the time evolution of Wigner distribution functions becomes equivalent to the classical time evolution stated in the exact Egerov theorem. Another advantage of using Wigner functions is when one is interested in systems involving mixed states. A disadvantage of the phase space formulation is that for most problems it quickly loses its simplicity and becomes hard to calculate.
We find a new κ-parameter squeezed coherent state | p , q ⟩ κ representation, which possesses well-behaved features, i.e., its Wigner function's marginal distribution in the `` q -direction'' and in the `` p -direction'' is the Gaussian form exp {−κ( q '− q ) 2 }, and exp {( p '− p ) 2 /κ}, respectively. Based on this, the Husimi function of | p , q ⟩ κ is also obtained, which is a Gaussian broaden version of the Wigner function. The | p , q ⟩ κ state provides a good representative space for studying various properties of the Husimi operator.
A class of positive quantum phase-space distributions based on antinormal ordering of the squeezed-photon annihilation and creation operators is introduced. This class of distributions, referred to as the generalized antinormally ordered distributions, is shown to be generated when the Wigner distribution is smoothed with a squeezed Gaussian wave packet. The distribution function associated with generalized antinormal ordering can thus be identified as the Husimi distribution function. The usefulness of the distributions in studies of the quantum particle dynamics is illustrated with simple examples.