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Journal of the Optical Society of America

Investigation of light amplification by enhanced internal reflection Part I Theoretical reflectance and transmittance of an exponentially nonuniform gain region

R. F. Cybulski, Mark P. Silverman

Published Dec 1, 1983• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the reflection of plane waves of s and p polarization from the interface between a homogeneous transparent medium and an amplifying medium with a gain profile decreasing exponentially with depth of penetration. For angles of incidence less than critical angle, the reflectance curves are essentially the same as those deduced from the usual Fresnel formulas for two transparent media. In the vicinity of critical angle, the reflection coefficients are virtually the same for both polarizations and are greater than unity. Beyond critical angle, the reflectances fall toward unity as grazing incidence is approached. Both the reflectance and the far-field transmittance peak in the immediate vicinity of critical angle. For angles less than critical angle, the transmittance can be 2 orders of magnitude greater than the reflectance. Certain values of gain parameters and incident angle lead to singularities in the theoretical reflectance. At these points the usual neglect of the effect of the transmitted wave on the population inversion is no longer valid.

DOI
10.1364/josa.73.001732

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We investigate the reflection of plane waves of s and p polarization from the interface between a homogeneous transparent medium and an amplifying medium with a gain profile decreasing exponentially with depth of penetration. For angles of incidence less than critical angle, the reflectance curves are essentially the same as those deduced from the usual Fresnel formulas for two transparent media. In the vicinity of critical angle, the reflection coefficients are virtually the same for both polarizations and are greater than unity. Beyond critical angle, the reflectances fall toward unity as grazing incidence is approached. Both the reflectance and the far-field transmittance peak in the immediate vicinity of critical angle. For angles less than critical angle, the transmittance can be 2 orders of magnitude greater than the reflectance. Certain values of gain parameters and incident angle lead to singularities in the theoretical reflectance. At these points the usual neglect of the effect of the transmitted wave on the population inversion is no longer valid.
We have measured as a function of incident angle, for a range of critical angles between 88° and 89° and of characteristic gain depths between 41 and 96 probe wavelengths, the single-pass reflectance of a He–Ne probe beam reflected from a transverse optically pumped solution of rhodamine B. In contrast to previously reported experiments, no anomalously high reflectances were observed. The theoretical formulas for the exponentially nonuniform-gain model reproduce well the observed reflectance curves including the locations, slopes, and heights of the amplification maximum in the vicinity of critical angle. Peak amplifications of 200–300% were predicted and observed for the given experimental conditions.
An experimental investigation was made of the influence of the reflection conditions and of the characteristics of the incident radiation on the amplification of light in the course of its reflection by an excited dye solution. A strong dependence of the reflection coefficient on the angle of incidence was observed and its maximum occurred near the critical angle of total reflection. The amplitude and width of the reflection peak depended on the parameters of the ambient media, as well as on the spectral composition and energy of the incident radiation.
We study the behavior of light waves at an interface between linear and photorefractive media, where the incident wave propagates from the linear side. We find bistable behavior of the reflection coefficient as a function of the incident angle at incident wave directions in the vicinity of the critical angle for total internal reflection. The analysis is based on approximations in the photorefractive-process equations, for which an analytical plane-wave solution for the boundary problem is found. In this regime an exponentially decaying evanescent field induces a uniform change of the refractive index. The limitation of this solution is also studied by a numerical analysis.
The existing linear theory of the reflection of light waves from an amplifying medium is debated. The exiting data are often contradictory, a reflection coefficient of amplifying medium of greater than unity is discussed, an upper bound of 5.82 is imposed on this quantity, significant corrections of prelaser concepts regarding the reflection and refraction of light in such media are proposed, etc. This stimulates reconsideration of the existing results. Evidently, the corresponding analysis must be based on the data obtained with a commonly accepted and, preferably, simplest approach. In our opinion, such an approach represents an analytical continuation of the known prelaser achievements (the Airy formulas for the reflection and transmission of light in a transparent medium proposed in 1833) to the domain of the amplifying media. The results presented can improve the basis of a linear theory for the interaction of light with amplifying media.
The coherent, radiative excitation modes of a resonant medium lend a resonant character to the amplitudes for reflection and transmission of light. For a plane wave incident upon a slab-shaped medium of two-level atoms, the reflection and transmission coefficients exhibit sharp peaks and dips as a function of the detuning of the wave from the central atomic resonance frequency. The locations and widths of these resonant features for a normally incident plane wave correspond to the imaginary and real parts, respectively, of the radiative decay constants of the coherent excitation modes of the medium discussed in the preceding paper [Phys. Rev. A 61, 063814 (2000)]. For the case of oblique incidence, generalizations of the modes discussed in the preceding paper are required. The richly detailed, resonant frequency dependence of the reflected and transmitted intensities is shown to depend significantly on the angle of incidence and the polarization of the incident light.