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Optical Fiber Communication Conference

LiNbO3 modulator for binary and multilevel polarization modulation

Sergio Benedetto, Anders Djupsjöbacka, Rongqing Hui, Bo Lagerstrom, Pierluigi T. Poggiolini, Roberto Gaudino

Published Jan 1, 1994• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The modulation of the state of polarization (SOP) of light has been recently proposed for transmission of information on optical fibers.1-4 Polarization-shift keying (POLSK) is suitable for both coherent and direct-detection (DD) systems. In either case, both binary and multilevel schemes are possible.
DOI
10.1364/ofc.1994.fb7

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In coherent optical transmission systems using conventional single mode fibers, the received state of polarization (SOP) is unknown and changing [1]. Polarization scrambling of the transmitted signal [2] or the local oscillator [3] overcomes signal fading by forcing a signal to undergo very large polarization changes during each bit cycle. The power penalty is ideally 3 dB because on average the polarization match between signal and local oscillator is only one-half. If the transmitted signal is scrambled, only one scrambler is needed even if several subscribing receivers are used. One reported scrambler [2] has an integrated optical phase shifter as the active element and switches a certain class of input SOPs alternately between themselves and their orthogonal states. This particular scheme suffers from two notable deficiencies. First, some input SOPs are not scrambled at all. Second, a receiver bandwidth of many times the scrambling frequency is required to capture all spectral components produced by the scrambler, which amounts to an additional sensitivity penalty in a practical system.
Birefringence in optical fibers is compensated by applying polarization modulation at a receiver. Polarization modulation is applied so that a transmitted optical signal has states of polarization (SOPs) that are equally spaced on the Poincare sphere. Fiber birefringence encountered in propagation between a transmitter and a receiver rotates the great circle on the Poincare sphere that represents the polarization bases used for modulation. By adjusting received polarizations, polarization components of the received optical signal can be directed to corresponding detectors for decoding, regardless of the magnitude and orientation of the fiber birefringence. A transmitter can be configured to transmit in conjugate polarization bases whose SOPs can be represented as equidistant points on a great circle so that the received SOPs are mapped to equidistant points on a great circle and routed to corresponding detectors.
The rapid increase on the information sharing around the world, leads to an utmost requirement for capacity and bandwidth. However, the need for security in the transmission and storage of information is also of major importance. The use of quantum technologies provides a practical solution for secure communications systems. Quantum key distribution (QKD) was the first practical application of quantum mechanics, and nowadays it is the most developed one. In order to share secret keys between two parties can be used several methods of encoding. Due to its simplicity, the encoding into polarization is one of the most used. However, when we use optical fibers as transmission channels, the polarization suffers random rotations that may change the state of polarization (SOP) of the light initially sent to the fiber to a new one at the output. Thus, in order to enable real-time communication using this encoding method it is required the use of a dynamic control system. We describe a scheme of transmission of quantum information, which is based in the polarization encoding, and that allows to share secret keys through optical fibers without interruption. The dynamic polarization control system used in such scheme is described, both theoretically and experimentally. Their advantages and limitations for the use in quantum communications are presented and discussed.