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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Visualization of two-photon Rabi oscillations in evanescently coupled optical waveguides

Marco Ornigotti, Giuseppe Della Valle, Toney Teddy Fernandez, A Coppa, Vittorio Foglietti, P. Laporta, Stefano Longhi

Published Apr 4, 2008• 34 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An optical analogue of two-photon Rabi oscillations, occurring in a three-level atomic or molecular system coherently driven by two detuned laser fields, is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated using three evanescently coupled optical waveguides realized on an active glass substrate. The optical analogue stems from the formal analogy between spatial propagation of light waves in the three-waveguide structure and the coherent temporal evolution of populations in a three-level atomic medium driven by two laser fields under two-photon resonance. In our optical experiment, two-photon Rabi oscillations are thus visualized as a slow spatial oscillatory exchange of light power between the two outer waveguides of the structure with a small excitation of the central waveguide.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/41/8/085402

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Physical Review A•Dec 1, 1996•48 citations
An optical analogue of two-photon Rabi oscillations, occurring in a three-level atomic or molecular system coherently driven by two detuned laser fields, is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated using three evanescently coupled optical waveguides realized on an active glass substrate. The optical analogue stems from the formal analogy between spatial propagation of light waves in the three-waveguide structure and the coherent temporal evolution of populations in a three-level atomic medium driven by two laser fields under two-photon resonance. In our optical experiment, two-photon Rabi oscillations are thus visualized as a slow spatial oscillatory exchange of light power between the two outer waveguides of the structure with a small excitation of the central waveguide.
Classical wave optical analogs of coherent population transfer via a continuum, recently demonstrated for laser-driven atoms and molecules in the atomic physics context, are theoretically proposed for light waves propagating in waveguide-based photonic structures. In particular, it is shown that exploitation of the optical analogs of two-photon Rabi oscillations and stimulated Raman adiabatic passage via continuous states enables efficient transfer of light waves between two channel optical waveguides side coupled to a slab waveguide.
In this article, simultaneous interaction of two side-coupled waveguides is considered with the dressed continuum represented by a linear waveguide array in which two consecutive pairs of waveguides are coupled in phase (positive coupling) and out-of-phase (negative coupling) alternately. It causes cross-coupling between the two evanescent decay-channels and results in the phenomenon of Rabi-like oscillations of the light field in spatial domain during propagation through the side waveguides. The profile of population exchange between the two side waveguides depends on the distinctive parameter conditions. It is interesting to note that, under no circumstances, light energy resides in the continuum.
We consider a three-waveguide (WG) directional coupler with an attempt to explore an optical analogue of the quantum coherence dynamics, which is found to be achievable in the present model at the macroscopic domain. In order to simulate the characteristics of such opto-quantum analogy, a field-coupled three-level atomic system has been undertaken in our study. Mutual correspondence between the field-induced coherence properties in the atomic system and the light transfer related optical properties in the evanescently coupled WGs has been discussed in the dissipative cases at different parameter conditions. The signature of optical impedance is highlighted in this context and the impact of these terms in visualizing the coherence dynamics inherent to a nano-photonic structure is explicitly reported.
Abstract Quantum emitters with a Λ-type level structure enable numerous protocols and applications in quantum science and technology. Understanding and controlling their dynamics is, therefore, one of the central research topics in quantum optics. Here, we drive two-photon Rabi oscillations between the two ground states of cesium atoms and observe the associated oscillatory Raman gain and absorption that stems from the atom-mediated coherent photon exchange between the two drive fields. The atoms are efficiently and homogeneously coupled with the probe field by means of a nanofiber-based optical interface. We study the dependence of the two-photon Rabi frequency on the system parameters and observe Autler–Townes splitting in the probe transmission spectrum. Beyond shedding light on the fundamental processes underlying two-photon Rabi oscillations, our method could also be used to investigate (quantum) correlations between the two drive fields as well as the dynamical establishment of electromagnetically induced transparency.
Realizing optical analogues of quantum phenomena in atomic, molecular, or condensed matter physics has underpinned a range of photonic technologies. Rabi splitting is a quantum phenomenon induced by a strong interaction between two quantum states, and its optical analogues are of fundamental importance for the manipulation of light-matter interactions with wide applications in optoelectronics and nonlinear optics. Here, we propose and theoretically investigate purely optical analogues of Rabi splitting in integrated waveguide-coupled resonators formed by two Sagnac interferometers. By tailoring the coherent mode interference, the spectral response of the devices is engineered to achieve optical analogues of Rabi splitting with anti-crossing behavior in the resonances. Transitions between the Lorentzian, Fano, and Rabi splitting spectral lineshapes are achieved by simply changing the phase shift along the waveguide connecting the two Sagnac interferometers, revealing interesting physical insights about the evolution of different optical analogues of quantum phenomena. The impact of the device structural parameters is also analyzed to facilitate device design and optimization. These results suggest a new way for realizing optical analogues of Rabi splitting based on integrated waveguide-coupled resonators, paving the way for many potential applications that manipulate light-matter interactions in the strong coupling regime.
Rabi oscillations reflect the existence of a coherent superposition of two molecular eigenstates during the interaction of molecules with a strong, resonant electromagnetic field. This phenomenon is not restricted to two-level systems. We demonstrate its occurrence in a three-level system where the radiation induces a two-photon absorption. The intermediate level is (slightly) detuned from resonance. For a theoretical description the dressed-state picture is adopted. The two-photon excitation is performed either by using one laser, yielding a one-color two-photon process, or by using two counterpropagating, spatially overlapping laser beams, yielding a two-color two-photon process. Rabi oscillations are produced by varying the fluence, i.e., by changing either the laser power or the molecule-laser interaction time. For the one-color case the two-photon transition dipole moment for an SF6{\mathrm{SF}}_{6}SF6​ transition has been determined from the relation between laser fluence and number of Rabi oscillations. For the two-color cases the detuning with the intermediate level is varied by tuning the respective laser frequencies while keeping the sum frequency constant. A dramatic change in the degree of excitation as a function of the intermediate detuning has been observed. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.