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Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials

DRESSED EXCITONS IN MICROCAVITY

E. Hanamura, J. INOUE, Fumitaka Yura

Published Jan 1, 1995• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

After reviewing the important roles of excitons in nonlinear optical responses, we demonstrate mutual and quantum-mechanical control of radiation field and excitons on the same footing in a microcavity. First we introduce dressed excitons as bosons interacting coherently and reversibly with a radiation mode in the microcavity. Although the vacuum Rabi splitting of the dressed exciton is the same as that of dressed atom, the emission spectrum under strong pumping shows quartet structure different from the triplet of dressed atom. Secondly, the population dynamics of dressed excitons, i.e., one-dimensional polaritons in the mesoscopic system is solved and the dominant distribution on a single mode is demonstrated above the critical pumping.

DOI
10.1142/s0218863595000033

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After reviewing the important roles of excitons in nonlinear optical responses, we demonstrate mutual and quantum-mechanical control of radiation field and excitons on the same footing in a microcavity. First we introduce dressed excitons as bosons interacting coherently and reversibly with a radiation mode in the microcavity. Although the vacuum Rabi splitting of the dressed exciton is the same as that of dressed atom, the emission spectrum under strong pumping shows quartet structure different from the triplet of dressed atom. Secondly, the population dynamics of dressed excitons, i.e., one-dimensional polaritons in the mesoscopic system is solved and the dominant distribution on a single mode is demonstrated above the critical pumping.
Summary form only given. The optical coherent control of quantum mechanical systems enables the direct manipulation of quantum states, and has been demonstrated on excitonic transitions in semiconductors. We have demonstrated the coherent control of the nonlinear optical response of quantum-well excitons in a resonant high-Q microcavity. There are two significant advantages to using excitons in microcavities instead of bare quantum wells: first, the multiple reflections which occur in the cavity strongly enhance the optical nonlinearity, enabling large-signal coherent control, and second, 2-color coherent control may be implemented, where a pump pulse tuned to one of the normal modes of the coupled exciton-microcavity system can control the response of a probe tuned to the other normal mode. The nonlinear response of the normal modes is due to the nonlinearity of the underlying exciton transition.
Semiconductor quantum microcavities are interesting physical systems in which fundamental interactions between light and excitons can be explored. For example, in the weak - coupling limit, modified excitonic spontaneous emission can be observed. In the strong-coupling limit, the cavity field modes and the quantum well exciton modes become coupled; the normal modes of the system are "cavity-polaritons" [1,2]. For in-plane wavevectors k// near zero, the normal modes are split by the dipole coupling between the excitons and the cavity vacuum field. This splitting is often referred to as a vacuum-Rabi splitting (VRS), as it has the same physical origin as the VRS observed in the interactions of atoms with single-mode cavities. The physical system in this work consists of a λ planar microcavity formed by two distributed-Bragg reflectors, with five GaAs quantum wells situated in the center of the cavity. In all the experiments described here, the exciton and cavity modes are on resonance (the low-field VRS is 6 meV for this sample).
The optical emission spectrum of a quantum dot in strong coupling with the single mode of a microcavity is obtained in the nonlinear regime. We study how exciton-exciton interactions alter the emission spectrum of the system, bringing the linear Rabi doublet into a multiplet structure that is strongly dependent on the cavity-exciton energy detuning. We emphasize how nonlinearity can be used to evidence the genuine quantum nature of the coupling by producing satellites peaks of the Rabi doublet that originate from the quantized energy levels of the interactions.
Recently, several research groups have reported investigations of vacuum-field Rabi splittings (VRS) in the linear response of strongly coupled semiconductor microcavities [1-4]. We have previously reported on the dynamics of time-domain vacuum Rabi oscillations, which are most easily understood in the framework of cavity exciton-polaritons, in which the in-plane momentum k|| is conserved [2], so that at each k|| a single cavity mode interacts with only a single mode of the electromagnetic field (Jaynes-Cummings model). In high Q semiconductor microcavities, the strong coupling between two-dimensional excitons and planar distributed- Bragg-reflector cavity modes results in several-meV splittings observable in the reflectivity or absorption spectrum. In the low excitation regime, the VRS is independent of light intensity incident on the cavity, since the vacuum-Rabi frequency exceeds the externally-driven Rabi frequency (in which case the Jaynes-Cummings model is equivalent to the linear dispersion of the coupled exciton-cavity system). As the incident light intensity is increased, two different effects may be expected to contribute to the nonlinear response. First, as long as the excitonic absorption is equivalent to a two-level system, higher-lying states of the Jaynes-Cummings ladder might be observable. Second, at high intensity phase-space filling and Coulomb screening of the exciton states results in a reduced oscillator strength which leads to a reduced VRS; this effect has no analogue in the case of atom-cavity systems. In this paper, we apply several ultrafast nonlinear techniques to investigate the nonlinear response of semiconductor microcavities.
In spite of having finite lifetimes exciton-polaritons in microcavities are known to condense at strong enough pumping of the reservoir. We present an analytical theory of such Bose condensates on a set of localized one-particle states: condensation centers. To understand the physics of these arrays one has to supplement the Josephson coupling by the radiative coupling caused by the interference of the light emitted by different centers. Combination of these couplings with the one-site interaction between the bosons leads to a rich nonlinear dynamics. In particular, a new regime of radiation appears. We call it weak lasing: The centers have macroscopic occupations and radiate coherently, but the coupling alone is sufficient for stabilization. The system can have several stable states and switch between them. Moreover, the time reversal symmetry in this regime is, as a rule, broken.
Light and matter can be unified under the strong coupling regime, creating superpositions of both, called dressed states or polaritons. After initially being demonstrated in bulk semiconductors and atomic systems ,strong coupling phenomena have been realized in solid state optical microcavities. They form an essential ingredient in the exciting physics spanning from many-body quantum coherence phenomena, like Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity, to cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED). A widely used approach within cQED is the Jaynes-Cummings (JC) model that describes the interaction of a single fermionic two-level system with a single bosonic photon mode. For a photon number larger than one, known as quantum strong coupling (QSC), a significant anharmonicity is predicted for the ladder-like spectrum of dressed states. For optical transitions in semiconductor nanostructures, first signatures of the quantum strong coupling were recently published. In our latest report we applied advanced coherent nonlinear spectroscopy to explore a strongly coupled exciton-cavity system. Specifically, we measured and simulated its four-wave mixing (FWM) response, granting direct access to the first two rungs of the JC ladder. This paper summarizes the main results of Ref. 15 and adds FWM experiments obtained on a micropillar cavity in which a doublet of quantum dot (QD) excitons interacts with the cavity mode in the limit of weak to strong coupling.