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Foundations of Physics Letters

The mathematical basis of physical laws: Relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics, the Lorentz force, Maxwell's equations and non-electromagnetic forces for spin zero particles

R. Eugene Collins

Published Feb 1, 1994• 3 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf02056551

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In this paper, the quantum dynamics was obtained in the framework of the general theory of relativity, where a quantum particle is described by a distribution of matter, with amplitude functions of the matter density, in the two conjugate spaces of the spatial coordinates and of the momentum, called wave functions. For a free particle, these wave functions are conjugate wave packets in the coordinate and momentum spaces, with time-dependent phases proportional to the relativistic Lagrangian, as the wave velocities in the coordinate space are equal to the distribution velocity described by the wave packet in this space. From the wave velocities of the particle wave functions, Lorentz’s force and the Maxwell equations were obtained. From the wave/group equation in the momentum space describing the Lorentz force, the expressions of the electric and magnetic fields as functions of the electric potential conjugated to time and of the vector potential conjugated to the coordinates in the particle-field Lagrangian were obtained. With these expressions, the electric and magnetic fields that satisfy the Faraday-Maxwell law of electromagnetic induction and the two Gauss-Maxwell laws of these fields were obtained. The Ampère-Maxwell law is obtained only by taking into account the physical consistency of the matter-field interaction of the equality of the propagation field velocity with the maximum relativistic velocity c. For a quantum particle in the electromagnetic field, dynamic equations in the coordinate and momentum spaces and the particle and antiparticle wave functions were obtained. It was shown that the electromagnetic potentials as functions of the coordinates describing the matter distribution of the quantum particle do not alter this distribution – under the action of an electromagnetic a quantum particle moves as a whole. The scattering or tunneling rate in an electromagnetic field, for the two possible cases, with the spin conservation, or inversion, were obtained. This description of a quantum particle as a distribution of matter with a density amplitude/wavefunction of the form of a wave packet, with the time-dependent phase proportional to the relativistic Lagrangian as a function of the metric tensor including also the gravitational field, enables the application of this theory in quantum gravity and quantum field theory in agreement with general relativity.
In this paper we develop a Unitary Quantum Relativistic Theory. We show that the wavy nature of a quantum particle involves the relativistic dynamics of the wave-packet of this particle, and a field of interaction described by Lorentz’s force and three of the four Maxwell equations: the electromagnetic induction law, and the flow laws of the electric and magnetic fields. These equations arise from the group velocity, which is of the form of the Lagrange equation, and from a relativistic principle for wave functions, which asserts that in any system of reference a wave-function has a bounded spectrum with a velocity limit c. When a magnetic circuit law is considered for a field interacting with a quantum particle, this is an electromagnetic field, propagating with the velocity c.
In this chapter, we consider a quantum particle wave function with a bound spectrum of velocity c, and obtain the relativistic momentum based on the group velocity of this wave function. With a space-time isometry condition, the Lorentz transformation and the relativistic dynamics were obtained. Considering a field interacting with a quantum particle as a four-vector conjugated to the space-time vector in the time-dependent phase, we obtain the Lorenz force and the Maxwell equations. It is interesting that only the Ampère-Maxwell equation of a magnetic circuit is specific to the electromagnetic field, while the other equations are general for a field interacting with a charged quantum particle. Considering the time-dependent phase of a quantum particle interacting with an electromagnetic field with a space-time homogeneity condition, we obtain Lorentz transformations for this field. For a quantum particle at a non-relativistic velocity, we obtain a wave function with a very rapidly-varying factor, of a frequency proportional to the rest energy of this particle. From the Schrödinger equation of a particle with a relativistic Hamiltonian, we obtain a split of the wave function into four components, describing a proper rotation of this particle with an angular momentum called spin (Dirac’s relativistic electron theory). Moreover, we also calculate electron potential in the magnetic field, and two-electron interaction potential.