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Physical Review Letters

Quantum Entanglement via Optical Control of Atom-Atom Interactions

Mikhail D. Lukin, Philip Hemmer

Published Mar 27, 2000• 128 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Two-photon optical transitions combined with long-range dipole-dipole interactions can be used for the coherent manipulation of multiatom collective states. We show that it is possible to induce optical resonances accompanied by the generation of entangled superpositions of such atomic states. Resonances of this kind can be used to implement quantum logic gates using optically excited single atoms (impurities) in the condensed phase.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.84.2818

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Two-photon optical transitions combined with long-range dipole-dipole interactions can be used for the coherent manipulation of multiatom collective states. We show that it is possible to induce optical resonances accompanied by the generation of entangled superpositions of such atomic states. Resonances of this kind can be used to implement quantum logic gates using optically excited single atoms (impurities) in the condensed phase.
We summarize our recent work on quantum information with atomic ensembles. In particular, we describe techniques for storing and manipulating quantum information in collective states of mesoscopic ensembles. Quantum information processing is is accomplished by optical excitation into states with strong dipole-dipole interactions. The resulting “dipole blockade” can be used to inhibit transitions into all but singly excited collective states. This can be employed for a controlled generation of collective atomic spin states as well as non-classical photonic states and for scalable quantum logic gates. Furthermore, we present schemes for entangling a very large number of atoms of a spinor 1 Bose Einstein condensate based on collisional interaction between atoms. As a final example, we discuss the possiblilty of creating entangled atomic states of a few bosonic atoms in a setup which mimics a “fractional quantum Hall effect” and allows the manipulation of anyonic excitations.
We study a means of creating multiparticle entanglement of neutral atoms using pairwise controlled dipole-dipole interactions. For tightly trapped atoms the dipolar interaction energy can be much larger than the photon scattering rate and substantial coherent evolution of the two-atom state can be achieved before decoherence occurs. Excitation of the dipoles can be made conditional on the atomic states, allowing for deterministic generation of entanglement. We derive selection rules and a figure of merit for the dipole-dipole interaction matrix elements, for alkali atoms with hyperfine structure and trapped in localized center of mass states. Different protocols are presented for implementing two-qubit quantum logic gates such as the controlled-phase and swap gates. We analyze the error probability of our gate designs, finite due to decoherence from cooperative spontaneous emission and coherent couplings outside the logical basis. Outlines for extending our model to include the full molecular interactions potentials are discussed.
Summary form only given. Controlled interactions between pairs of neutral atoms in optical lattices allow for the creation of highly entangled multiparticle states and the implementation of quantum logic gates. Such systems benefit from suppressed decoherence because neutrals couple weakly to the environment and from the possibility of processing with the massively parallel quantum registers in the atomic ensemble. The main source of decoherence is spontaneous emission which can be made negligible if the two atom interactions are performed fast compared to the scattering rate. We have shown the possibility of using induced electric dipole-dipole interactions between pairs of atoms to perform the two qubit gates /spl radic/(SWAP) and CPHASE with high fidelity.
Summary form only given. Optical lattices provide new opportunities to create entangled states of neutral atoms for quantum information processing. Such systems have some attractive features: decoherence is suppressed because neutrals couple weakly to the environment, and operations can be performed in parallel on a large ensemble of trapped atoms, thus offering avenues for scaling to many qubits. The main source of decoherence is spontaneous emission, but this can be negligible if all manipulations are performed rapidly compared to the photon scattering rate. We consider here the possibility of using resonantly induced electric dipole-dipole interactions to engineer two-qubit operations such as the swap gate and the controlled-phase which, together with single qubit operations, can perform arbitrary quantum computations.
Summary form only given. Controlled coherent interactions between pairs of neutral atoms can be designed in tight micro-traps such as optical lattices which allow the creation of highly entangled multiparticle states. Such systems benefit from suppressed decoherence because neutrals couple weakly to the environment and the interactions are strictly pairwise. The main source of decoherence is spontaneous emission which can be made negligible if the two atom interactions are performed fast compared to the scattering rate.We have shown the possibility of using induced electric dipole-dipole interactions between pairs of atoms to perform quantum logic gates with high fidelity.