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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Distributed Josephson junction arrays as local oscillators

Baokang Bi, Siyuan Han, James E. Lukens, K. Wan

Published Mar 1, 1993• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The power and linewidth of the radiation, near 250 GHz, of small distributed Josephson junction array sources have been measured using a single-chip integrated source and receiver. The intermediate frequency (IF), coupled off the chip to a room-temperature spectrum analyzer, permitted a direct measurement of the oscillator linewidth. The one-dimensional arrays were of a novel design with junctions placed in 1/4 wavelength lumps separated by one half wavelength. The measured power ( approximately=2 mu W) and linewidth ( approximately=10 MHz) for the 10 junction sources were in reasonable agreement with those obtained from computer simulations.>

DOI
10.1109/77.233544

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The power and linewidth of the radiation, near 250 GHz, of small distributed Josephson junction array sources have been measured using a single-chip integrated source and receiver. The intermediate frequency (IF), coupled off the chip to a room-temperature spectrum analyzer, permitted a direct measurement of the oscillator linewidth. The one-dimensional arrays were of a novel design with junctions placed in 1/4 wavelength lumps separated by one half wavelength. The measured power ( approximately=2 mu W) and linewidth ( approximately=10 MHz) for the 10 junction sources were in reasonable agreement with those obtained from computer simulations.>
The radiation linewidth of a phase-locked distributed Josephson junction array source at 250 GHz has been measured as a function of temperature using an integrated submillimeter wave receiver/source. The measured total linewidth (including signal and local oscillator arrays, having 10 junctions each) is 10 MHz at 1.6 K. The measured data agree, within 50% uncertainty, with the linewidth obtained from computer simulation assuming the Nyquist noise current spectral density generated by the junction shunt resistors.
Radiation from a linear array oscillator with a spiral antenna has been coupled out of the dewar through a Teflon window. Both its linewidth and its power have been measured after coupling the radiation through free space into a second dewar. The linewidth has been determined using a SIS mixer with a spiral antenna which was pumped with an 88 GHz phase-locked Gunn oscillator, and also by Josephson mixing of the array itself. The array oscillator has a distributed array structure of 300 resistively shunted junctions which are placed in groups of 6 junctions. It was fabricated on a silicon wafer and has a two-arm spiral antenna. The chip was attached to a silicon lens with an anti-reflection coating. The linewidth of the array oscillator was determined between 158 GHz and 194 GHz, far below its design frequency of 400 GHz. The measured linewidth and power data of the oscillator reveal interesting information about its phaselocking behavior in the operating range far below its design frequency.
A submillimeter wave source based on a new design using Josephson junction arrays has been developed and tested. The maximum rf power, delivered to a 68Ω load and detected on chip, was 47 μW at 394 GHz. Significant power was detected at a number of frequencies from 300 to 500 GHz where the power was 10 μW. The observed power at the designed operating frequency near 400 GHz is consistent with all 500 junctions in the series biased array delivering current in phase to the loads. This is in agreement with simulations of smaller arrays of the same design. The linewidth, inferred from the measured resistance at the point of maximum power, with T=4.2 K, is less than 1 MHz. The minimum inferred linewidth near 400 GHz, at somewhat lower power, is about 100 kHz.
We present experimental results on the emission from phase-locked twodimensional arrays of Josephson junctions. We have coupled the emission from 10 x 10 arrays to a room-temperature mixer throu h a tin-line antenna and WR-12 waveguide. A single voltagetunable peak was detected up to 230 GHz. A stripline resonance in the antenna reduced the array's dynamic resistance and thereby the emission linewidth to as low as 10 kHz. We extract an effective noise temperature of 14 K from the linewidth data. When the array's emission was coupled to an on-chip detector junction through a dc blocking capacitor, we detected voltagetunable emission from 75 GHz up to 300 GHz, and in some circuits emission above 400 GHz. The coherent power spectrum depends primarily on internal resonances.
We performed spectral measurements of a large niobium Josephson junctions array. The array consists of 9996 serially connected Nb/NbSi/Nb junctions placed on a 1×1 cm silicon substrate. The spectrum was analyzed by a heterodyne superconducting receiver based on a high-TcJosephson mixer. It was discovered that the linewidth of Josephson radiation is strongly influenced by configuration and type of a measurement system. We obtain the linewidth down to 0.2 MHz when connecting the array to an autonomous power source and minimizing technical noise. We also observed the shift of the spectral frequency from the Josephson one that can be explained by peculiarities of synchronization of such large multi-oscillator systems.