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Physical Review A

High-resolution total-cross-section measurements for electron scattering from Ar, Kr, and Xe employing a threshold-photoelectron source

M. Kurokawa, M. Kitajima, K. Toyoshima, Takaya Kishino, Takeshi Odagiri, H. Kato, M. Hoshino, Hiroki Tanaka, K. Ito

Published Dec 29, 2011• 53 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Absolute total cross sections for electron scattering from Ar and Xe at electron energies ranging from 7 meV to 20 eV were obtained with the experimental technique employing the threshold-photoelectron source. The measured total cross sections are in good agreement with those obtained by other groups down to 100 meV, above which several experimental works have been reported. Scattering lengths for electron scattering from Ar, Kr, and Xe were determined from the present total cross sections and our recent results for Kr using the modified effective range theory. The values of the scattering length obtained in the present analysis differ from the values determined from the previous swarm experiments and beam experiments. The resonant structures in the total cross sections due to Feshbach resonances of Ar, Kr, and Xe with an improved energy resolution were also measured. Analyses of the resonant structure were carried out based on the spin-dependent resonant scattering theory in order to determine the values of the natural width of Feshbach resonances of Ar, Kr, and Xe precisely.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.84.062717

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Absolute total cross sections for electron scattering from Ar and Xe at electron energies ranging from 7 meV to 20 eV were obtained with the experimental technique employing the threshold-photoelectron source. The measured total cross sections are in good agreement with those obtained by other groups down to 100 meV, above which several experimental works have been reported. Scattering lengths for electron scattering from Ar, Kr, and Xe were determined from the present total cross sections and our recent results for Kr using the modified effective range theory. The values of the scattering length obtained in the present analysis differ from the values determined from the previous swarm experiments and beam experiments. The resonant structures in the total cross sections due to Feshbach resonances of Ar, Kr, and Xe with an improved energy resolution were also measured. Analyses of the resonant structure were carried out based on the spin-dependent resonant scattering theory in order to determine the values of the natural width of Feshbach resonances of Ar, Kr, and Xe precisely.
Absolute total cross sections for electron scattering from He and Ne are obtained in the energy range from 20 eV down to below 10 meV with a very narrow electron energy width of 6--8 meV using the threshold-photoelectron source. Total cross sections obtained in the present study generally agree well with those obtained in the previous experiments for both He and Ne above 100 meV, where several experimental works have been reported. Comparison of the present cross sections with the theoretical cross sections which have been regarded as the ``standard'' cross sections shows very good agreement even at very low energies below 10 meV, which confirms the validity of theoretical cross sections. The scattering lengths for electron scattering from He and Ne are also determined from the present total cross sections using the modified effective range theory. The resonant structures in the total cross sections due to Feshbach resonances of He and Ne are also observed. Analysis of the resonant structure was carried out based on the spin-dependent resonant scattering theory in order to determine the values of natural width of Feshbach resonance of Ne.
In a joint experimental and theoretical effort, we carried out a detailed study of electron scattering from Kr atoms in the energy range of the low-lying Feshbach resonances. Absolute angle-differential cross sections for elastic electron scattering were measured over the energy range 9.3–10.3 eV with an energy width of about 13 meV at scattering angles between 10° and 180°. Using several sets of elastic scattering phase shifts, a detailed analysis of the sharp resonance was carried out, resulting in a resonance width of Γ 3/2 = 3.6(2) meV. By direct comparison with the position of the resonance, the energy for the resonance was determined as E 3/2 = 9.489(3) eV. A Fano-type fit of the higher lying resonance yielded the resonance parameters Γ 1/2 = 33(5) meV and E 1/2 = 10.126(4) eV. In order to obtain additional insights, B -spline R -matrix calculations were performed for both the elastic and the inelastic cross sections above the threshold for excitation. They provide the total and angle-differential cross sections for excitation of long-lived and short-lived levels of the configuration in Kr and branching ratios for the decay of the resonance into the three available exit channels. The results are compared with selected experimental data.
Elastic cross-sections for electron scattering on neon from 0 energy up to 16 eV are analyzed by an analytical approach to the modified effective range theory (MERT). It is shown that energy and angular variations of elastic differential, integral and momentum transfer cross-sections can be accurately parameterized by six MERT coefficients up to the energy threshold for the first Feshbach resonance. MERT parameters are determined empirically by numerical comparison with large collection of available experimental data of elastic total (integral) cross-sections. The present analysis is validated against numerous electron beams and swarm experiments. The comparison of derived MERT parameters with those found for other noble gases, helium, argon and krypton, is done. The derived scattering length (for the s-partial wave) in neon, 0.227 a 0, agrees well with recent theories; it is small but, differently from Ar and Kr, still positive. Analogue parameters for the p-wave and the d-wave are negative and positive respectively for all the four gases compared.
Two techniques have been used to study low energy electron scattering processes in the alkali metals. A transmission experiment was used to search for resonance structure in the total scattering cross section of sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. A shape resonance was observed in sodium at 0.08 (+OR-) 0.03 eV. In rubidium, evidence was found for the existence of a shape resonance below 0.05 eV. No shape resonance structure was observed in potassium or cesium for energies above 0.1 eV. For energies near the first excited state to near the lowest ionization potential, a progression of Feshbach resonances was observed in each atom. The graphical analysis technique of Spence was used to group most of these resonances into seven families. An analysis is given of the mechanisms affecting the rejection of scattered electrons in the transmission spectrometer. A quantitative description of two modes of operation of the spectrometer is presented. The second portion of this dissertation concerns the measurement of the near-threshold excitation and ionization cross sections in sodium, potassium, and rubidium. A trapped-electron experiment was used to make a relative measurement of these cross sections. The shapes of the excitation cross sections are, in general, somewhat different from other experimental work but are in good agreement with the close-coupling calculations of Moores and Norcross. The shapes of the ionization cross sections are in reasonable agreement with previous work. The ratio of the excitation cross section at 2.5 eV in sodium, 2.0 eV in potassium, and 1.8 eV in rubidium to the respective ionization cross section at the first peak was measured and found to be 3.9 (+OR-) 13% in Na, 5.8 (+OR-) 10% in K, and 6.4 (+OR-) 13% in Rb. These ratios are generally larger than those derived from independent values of the individual cross sections. An analysis of several systematic effects associated with the measurement of the cross section ratio was made. Results from this analysis were used to correct the measured excitation cross section for effects of the elastically scattered electrons.
An electron and photon atomic-recoil technique has been used to measure absolute total cross sections for electrons scattered by 32{3}^{2}32P3/2{P}_{3/2}P3/2​ sodium atoms in the 6--25-eV energy range, with the use of a new, high-resolution crossed-beam apparatus. A single-mode tunable ring dye laser is used to selectively excite the F=3 hyperfine level. Excited-state populations are determined by using the atomic recoil in resonant photon absorption. At 6 eV there is very good agreement with a previous measurement [B. Jaduszliwer, R. Dang, P. Weiss, and B. Bederson, Phys. Rev. A 21, 808 (1980)].
We report total cross-section (TCS) results for low-energy positron scattering from the noble gas xenon. A comparison with previous measurements shows a good level of accord with the recent results of the ANU group (2011 New J. Phys. 13 125004). Very good qualitative agreement is also found with the convergent close-coupling (CCC) calculation of Fursa and Bray (2012 New J. Phys. 14 035002) over most of the common energies. By using the shape of the CCC results as a guide, we also extrapolate our measured cross sections to very low energy. With the aid of the CCC theory, we therefore derive the first experimental estimate for the positron–xenon scattering length of a = −99.2 ± 18.4 au. This value is found to be consistent with the CCC-based estimate and also with those of some other theories. This result supports the existence of a positron–xenon virtual state at a positron energy ε = (1.4 ± 0.6) × 10 −3 eV.