Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Superconductor Science and Technology

Two-stage locally linearized SQUID readout for frequency domain multiplexed calorimeter arrays

M. Kiviranta, Leif Grönberg, Hannu Sipola

Published Jan 27, 2011• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have constructed a two-stage SQUID amplifier intended for multiplexed cryogenic detector arrays. The upper SQUID is a locally linearized 6 × 80 array showing 0.13 μΦ 0 Hz − 1/2 flux noise at 4.2 K. The lower linearized 4 × 3 SQUID array has decoupled input and feedback coils and shows 0.28 μΦ 0 Hz − 1/2 flux noise at 4.2 K. Design principles and measured performance are reviewed.

DOI
10.1088/0953-2048/24/4/045003

Related papers

Linearized superconducting quantum interference device array for high bandwidth frequency-domain readout multiplexing

Trevor M. Lanting, M. Dobbs, H. Spieler +2 more

We have designed and demonstrated a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) array linearized with cryogenic feedback. To achieve the necessary loop gain, a 300-element series array SQUID is constructed from three monolithic 100-element series arrays. A feedback resistor completes the loop from the SQUID output to the input coil. The short feedback path of this linearized SQUID array (LISA) allows for a substantially larger flux-locked loop bandwidth as compared to a SQUID flux-locked loop that includes a room temperature amplifier. The bandwidth, linearity, noise performance, and 3 Phi(0) dynamic range of the LISA are sufficient for its use in our target application: the multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensor bolometers.

Review of Scientific Instruments•Sep 1, 2009•5 citations

Nearly Quantum Limited Two-Stage SQUID Amplifiers for the Frequency Domain Multiplexing of TES Based X-ray and Infrared Detectors

Luciano G. Gottardi, M. Kiviranta, Jan van der Kuur +3 more

The frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) readout of arrays of transition edges sensors for the X-IFU/Athena and SAFARI/SPICA instruments requires SQUID amplifiers with low input inductance, low flux noise, high-dynamic range and low power consumption. We report the performance of two-stage SQUID amplifiers developed at VTT coupled to multiple high-Q LC resonators of the SRON FDM readout operating in the frequency range from 2 to 5 MHz. The SQUIDs have been tested in the following configurations: 1) the two SQUIDs at base temperature with open input; 2) the amplifier SQUID at 1K temperature and the front-end SQUID at base temperature in the FDM readout of low-G TES bolometers; and 3) and in the FDM readout of X-ray microcalorimeter arrays with both SQUIDS at base temperature. We measured an input flux noise equal to 0.18 μΦ0/Hz1/2at 20 mK, equivalent to an energy resolution of 9 b. The measured current noise at the SQUID input is ~1 pA/Hz1/2at 20 mK, which corresponds to a coupled energy resolution of about 15 b.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Nov 10, 2014•14 citations

Some phenomena due to SQUID input properties when local feedback is present

M. Kiviranta, Leif Grönberg, Nikolai Beev +1 more

We have constructed a two-stage SQUID amplifier, in which series-mixing local feedback has been used to screen the SQUID input inductances and hence to boost the power gain of the amplifier. 2.9 pA/Hz 1/2 current noise and 2.9 nH input inductance of the lower SQUID stage imply energy resolution of 18 times Planck constant at 4.2 K, which, arguably, can be further improved by input inductance screening. The upper stage consists of a 184-series 4-parallel SQUID array, which, when used alone, shows lower than 0.03 μΦ 0 /Hz 2 flux noise, but which as a part of the two-stage amplifier is operated at a higher flux noise level to provide robust, EMI-tolerant output signal. The series-mixing feedback also facilitates negative SQUID input impedance, which would allow self-oscillating SQUID-based frequency domain multiplexing.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•May 12, 2014•11 citations

Linearized SQUID Array (LISA) for High Bandwidth Frequency-Domain Readout Multiplexing

Trevor M. Lanting, M. Dobbs, H. Spieler +2 more

We have designed and demonstrated a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) array linearized with cryogenic feedback. To achieve the necessary loop gain a 300 element series array SQUID is constructed from three monolithic 100-element series arrays. A feedback resistor completes the loop from the SQUID output to the input coil. The short feedback path of this Linearized SQUID Array (LISA) allows for a substantially larger flux-locked loop bandwidth as compared to a SQUID flux-locked loop that includes a room temperature amplifier. The bandwidth, linearity, noise performance, and dynamic range of the LISA are sufficient for its use in our target application: the multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensor bolometers.

arXiv:0901.1919•Jan 14, 2009•1 citation

Development of low-noise two-stage dc-SQUID for TES detector readout

Nan Li, Mengjie Song, Sixiao Hu +9 more

Abstract Direct-current superconducting quantum interference devices (dc-SQUIDs) are one of the most sensitive magnetic detectors. These sensors are extensively used in the readout of superconducting transition edge sensors (TESs), which are used for the detection of weak signals. A cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization telescope operating in 22–48 GHz is currently under developing. The TESs calorimeter of the telescope will be readout by a time-division multiplexer SQUID readout system. We develop a two-stage dc-SQUID amplifier circuit, comprising an input-stage SQUID with 4 SQUID cells and a series SQUID array with 100 SQUID cells. This configuration has been shown to achieve extremely high signal gain while effectively controlling system noise. We assess the system noise at 300 mK in an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The measured magnetic flux noise of the two-stage SQUID circuit system is approximately 0.3 μ Φ 0 / Hz at 10 kHz. The current noise equivalent to the input coil of input SQUID is about 2.4 pA / Hz . This result meets the low-noise readout requirements of the CMB TES and other applications with TES detectors.

Superconductor Science and Technology•Apr 1, 2026•0 citations

Components for Multiplexed DC-SQUID Readouts of Transition Edge Sensor Arrays

M. Kiviranta, Leif Grönberg

A SQUID tandem is a two-stage amplifier consisting of the front end SQUID atTT∼ 4 K. We give an overview of the dc SQUID design for the tandem used in the recent 37-pixel frequency domain multiplexed (FDM) readout demonstration of X-ray calorimeters. The SQUID devices were fabricated with pillar-type Josephson junctions at the nominalJC= 500 A/cm2critical current density. We further discuss possible improvements to the FDM tandem configuration, including (i) the class-B operation for better power efficiency, (ii) the input power combiner as an improvement over the simple T-junction summing, with the promise for larger multiplexing factors, and (iii) the new booster SQUID device. The new improved booster is a 8-parallel 66-series SQUID array fabricated with SWAPS Josephson junctions at the nominal JC= 1.5 kA/cm2 critical current density, and it shows dV/dΦ > 30 mV/Φ0gain in the symmetric-slope operation, as well as ΦN≈ 0.05 μΦ0/ Hz1/2flux noise.

IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity•Apr 17, 2023•4 citations
We have constructed a two-stage SQUID amplifier intended for multiplexed cryogenic detector arrays. The upper SQUID is a locally linearized 6 × 80 array showing 0.13 μΦ 0 Hz − 1/2 flux noise at 4.2 K. The lower linearized 4 × 3 SQUID array has decoupled input and feedback coils and shows 0.28 μΦ 0 Hz − 1/2 flux noise at 4.2 K. Design principles and measured performance are reviewed.
We have designed and demonstrated a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) array linearized with cryogenic feedback. To achieve the necessary loop gain, a 300-element series array SQUID is constructed from three monolithic 100-element series arrays. A feedback resistor completes the loop from the SQUID output to the input coil. The short feedback path of this linearized SQUID array (LISA) allows for a substantially larger flux-locked loop bandwidth as compared to a SQUID flux-locked loop that includes a room temperature amplifier. The bandwidth, linearity, noise performance, and 3 Phi(0) dynamic range of the LISA are sufficient for its use in our target application: the multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensor bolometers.
The frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) readout of arrays of transition edges sensors for the X-IFU/Athena and SAFARI/SPICA instruments requires SQUID amplifiers with low input inductance, low flux noise, high-dynamic range and low power consumption. We report the performance of two-stage SQUID amplifiers developed at VTT coupled to multiple high-Q LC resonators of the SRON FDM readout operating in the frequency range from 2 to 5 MHz. The SQUIDs have been tested in the following configurations: 1) the two SQUIDs at base temperature with open input; 2) the amplifier SQUID at 1K temperature and the front-end SQUID at base temperature in the FDM readout of low-G TES bolometers; and 3) and in the FDM readout of X-ray microcalorimeter arrays with both SQUIDS at base temperature. We measured an input flux noise equal to 0.18 μΦ0/Hz1/2at 20 mK, equivalent to an energy resolution of 9 b. The measured current noise at the SQUID input is ~1 pA/Hz1/2at 20 mK, which corresponds to a coupled energy resolution of about 15 b.
We have constructed a two-stage SQUID amplifier, in which series-mixing local feedback has been used to screen the SQUID input inductances and hence to boost the power gain of the amplifier. 2.9 pA/Hz 1/2 current noise and 2.9 nH input inductance of the lower SQUID stage imply energy resolution of 18 times Planck constant at 4.2 K, which, arguably, can be further improved by input inductance screening. The upper stage consists of a 184-series 4-parallel SQUID array, which, when used alone, shows lower than 0.03 μΦ 0 /Hz 2 flux noise, but which as a part of the two-stage amplifier is operated at a higher flux noise level to provide robust, EMI-tolerant output signal. The series-mixing feedback also facilitates negative SQUID input impedance, which would allow self-oscillating SQUID-based frequency domain multiplexing.
We have designed and demonstrated a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) array linearized with cryogenic feedback. To achieve the necessary loop gain a 300 element series array SQUID is constructed from three monolithic 100-element series arrays. A feedback resistor completes the loop from the SQUID output to the input coil. The short feedback path of this Linearized SQUID Array (LISA) allows for a substantially larger flux-locked loop bandwidth as compared to a SQUID flux-locked loop that includes a room temperature amplifier. The bandwidth, linearity, noise performance, and dynamic range of the LISA are sufficient for its use in our target application: the multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensor bolometers.
Abstract Direct-current superconducting quantum interference devices (dc-SQUIDs) are one of the most sensitive magnetic detectors. These sensors are extensively used in the readout of superconducting transition edge sensors (TESs), which are used for the detection of weak signals. A cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization telescope operating in 22–48 GHz is currently under developing. The TESs calorimeter of the telescope will be readout by a time-division multiplexer SQUID readout system. We develop a two-stage dc-SQUID amplifier circuit, comprising an input-stage SQUID with 4 SQUID cells and a series SQUID array with 100 SQUID cells. This configuration has been shown to achieve extremely high signal gain while effectively controlling system noise. We assess the system noise at 300 mK in an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The measured magnetic flux noise of the two-stage SQUID circuit system is approximately 0.3 μ Φ 0 / Hz at 10 kHz. The current noise equivalent to the input coil of input SQUID is about 2.4 pA / Hz . This result meets the low-noise readout requirements of the CMB TES and other applications with TES detectors.
A SQUID tandem is a two-stage amplifier consisting of the front end SQUID atTT∼ 4 K. We give an overview of the dc SQUID design for the tandem used in the recent 37-pixel frequency domain multiplexed (FDM) readout demonstration of X-ray calorimeters. The SQUID devices were fabricated with pillar-type Josephson junctions at the nominalJC= 500 A/cm2critical current density. We further discuss possible improvements to the FDM tandem configuration, including (i) the class-B operation for better power efficiency, (ii) the input power combiner as an improvement over the simple T-junction summing, with the promise for larger multiplexing factors, and (iii) the new booster SQUID device. The new improved booster is a 8-parallel 66-series SQUID array fabricated with SWAPS Josephson junctions at the nominal JC= 1.5 kA/cm2 critical current density, and it shows dV/dΦ > 30 mV/Φ0gain in the symmetric-slope operation, as well as ΦN≈ 0.05 μΦ0/ Hz1/2flux noise.