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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Quantum model of radiowave scattering in a medium containing superexcited atoms

N. D. Ustinov, E. S. Nektarov, Vladimir V. Sychev

Published Jul 31, 1979• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Criteria are obtained for the existence of superexcited atoms in a substance exposed to corpuscular radiation. The quasicontinuity of the spectrum of resonance radiowave scattering in collisional highly excited media is also shown. The quantum approach is used to propose adequate estimates of some anomalous radiowave scattering effects in an ionospheric plasma. Directions for farther research in this field are discussed.

DOI
10.1070/qe1979v009n07abeh009186

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Criteria are obtained for the existence of superexcited atoms in a substance exposed to corpuscular radiation. The quasicontinuity of the spectrum of resonance radiowave scattering in collisional highly excited media is also shown. The quantum approach is used to propose adequate estimates of some anomalous radiowave scattering effects in an ionospheric plasma. Directions for farther research in this field are discussed.
Scattering of a resonance electromagnetic field from excited atoms cannot be described by the semiclassical theory of radiation operating with nonquantized electromagnetic fields. Field quantization effects are manifested in this case on the macroscopic level and lead to evolution of statistical properties of radiation in the course of scattering. It is found that a combined process coupling elastic scattering from an atom and induced emission from the same atom, which cannot be studied by the methods of the standard perturbation theory, plays a significant role in this effect. The process of combined scattering in extended media exhibits coherent properties that cannot be described by the standard refractive index.
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According to quantum electrodynamics, the cross section for resonant scattering of radiation on an aggregate of excited atoms can be written as a sum of positive definite terms. This type of structure is not consistent with the Fresnel formulas for the reflection coefficient of radiation from thermally excited media. The difference shows up on a macroscopic level and indicates that semiclassical radiation theory cannot be used. A study of the correlation between elastic scattering and stimulated emission processes clarifies the reason for the discrepancies. The resulting singularities require summing of Feynman diagrams which appear beginning in the sixth order of perturbation theory. A lower bound estimate for the reflection coefficient from a plane layer is given, including processes which violate the statistics of radiation. The contribution of stimulated emission processes caused by the initially scattered photon are examined specifically. An experiment is proposed which would settle the choice of theories.
We discuss the quantum fluctuations of the fields associated with a broad class of optical scattering and transmission problems by developing the quantum electrodynamics of an idealized linear, but nonuniform, dielectric medium. We present and compare two quantization schemes for this purpose. The first is based on the expansion of the field in terms of a set of single-frequency solutions of the Maxwell equations. The second involves expanding the field in the set of plane-wave solutions of the Maxwell equations in the vacuum. The relation between the two quantization schemes is discussed in the framework of the scattering theory that connects them. The methods presented are used to show that various field components within a dielectric medium may be either superfluctuant or subfluctuant relative to their fundamental uncertainties in the vacuum. These alterations of the fluctuation properties of the fields are shown to lead to changes in the spontaneous emission rates for both electric and magnetic dipole transitions of excited atoms within or near dielectric media. We also analyze the quantum properties of the transition radiation emitted by a fast charged particle in passing from one dielectric medium to another.
This review examines the nonlinear optical properties of highly excited and ionized gaseous media and low-temperature plasmas. The authors concentrate particularly on the role of excited atomic and ionized states, as well as continuum states. The authors cite and discuss experimental results of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and optical harmonic generation in media consisting of excited atoms and ions. Nonlinear optical experiments involving the continuum states in intense optical fields are examined. In this connection the authors also discuss above-threshold ionization and the multiphoton stripping of atoms.
The decay of an excited atom in the presence of a medium that both scatters and absorbs radiation is studied with the help of a quantum-electrodynamical model. The medium is represented by a half-space filled with a randomly distributed set of non-overlapping spheres, which consist of a linear absorptive dielectric material. The absorption effects are described by means of a quantized damped-polariton theory. It is found that the effective susceptibility of the bulk does not fully account for the medium-induced change in the atomic decay rate. In fact, surface effects contribute to the modification of the decay properties as well. The interplay of scattering and absorption in the total decay rate is discussed.