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Physical Review A

Resonant periodic-gain surface-emitting semiconductor lasers and correlated emission in a ring cavity

M. Yasin Akhtar Raja, S. R. J. Brueck, Marlan O. Scully, C. Lee

Published Oct 1, 1991• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A semiclassical theory of a resonant periodic-gain (half-wave spatially periodic-gain segments) laser in the context of a semiconductor medium is presented using an oversimplified picture. Terms arise in the polarization of this periodic-gain medium that lead to enhanced light-matter interaction, doubling the gain coefficient, and enhancing mode-pulling effects. Discussion of the physical processes is extended to include a comparison with the ring-cavity correlated-emission laser, which also utilizes a periodic-gain medium and exhibits a vanishing phase fluctuation between the degenerate counterpropagating modes. A simple physical picture of radiations from a half-wave-periodic, radiating dipole array illustrates the common mechanism and important relationship between these lasers.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.44.4599

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A semiclassical theory of a resonant periodic-gain (half-wave spatially periodic-gain segments) laser in the context of a semiconductor medium is presented using an oversimplified picture. Terms arise in the polarization of this periodic-gain medium that lead to enhanced light-matter interaction, doubling the gain coefficient, and enhancing mode-pulling effects. Discussion of the physical processes is extended to include a comparison with the ring-cavity correlated-emission laser, which also utilizes a periodic-gain medium and exhibits a vanishing phase fluctuation between the degenerate counterpropagating modes. A simple physical picture of radiations from a half-wave-periodic, radiating dipole array illustrates the common mechanism and important relationship between these lasers.
Field confinement in a microchip laser with transversely varying gain and plane–plane cavity mirrors is theoretically discussed with a semiclassical treatment. We show that the common notion of a transverse cavity mode becomes closely linked to that of a longitudinal cavity mode owing to the key role that detuning of the longitudinal cavity frequency from the atomic resonance plays in the formation of the transverse field profile. In particular, we show that as the pump size decreases the laser emission is pulled toward the atomic resonance frequency on the negative detuning side. Strong mode pulling is interpreted as being due to the index-antiguiding effect induced by the pump and manifests itself as a ring pattern in the far-field spatial intensity.
Using a theoretical semiclassical approach, we study in detail the amplitude fluctuations and correlations of a two-orthogonal polarization-mode semiconductor laser as obtained from a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). We demonstrate that there exists the possibility of squeezing in the two-mode regime besides sub-shot-noise emission in the well-known ideal single-mode operation regime. These theoretical results confirm a recent experimental demonstration of the generation of amplitude-squeezed light with VCSEL's.
Summary form only given. Optical phase is conjugate to the photon-number in quantum optics and therefore is important for nonclassical states in which the photon-number operator is reduced below the semiclassical shot noise limit, i.e., for photon-number squeezed states. Nonclassical emission from semiconductor lasers has the added facet that excess phase fluctuations are correlated with fluctuations in the photon-number through the nonlinear gain, and this correlation extends below shot noise. In this experiment, quantum-limited number-phase correlations are examined using an external-cavity semiconductor laser with heavily suppressed (>40 dB) side modes and near ideal single-mode laser characteristics. A feedforward gain matching condition is found to limit the observation of a strong nonclassical effect.
A stochastic, semiclassical model is developed for a multimode, homogeneously broadened laser with rapid-dipole dephasing (e.g., semiconductor or dye lasers). The theory is valid for systems with a free spectral range that is large compared to the decay rates of the population inversion and the field. Population dynamics including temporal beating effects and relaxation oscillations, spatial-hole burning, coherent-wave mixing, and quantum noise are all included self consistently. A principal restriction of the model, when applied to coupled-cavity systems, is that the modes satisfying the boundary conditions of the gain medium must form a subset of the modes defined by the cavity and that only modes in this subset are above threshold. For typical systems, the model is valid for pump rates up to several times threshold. The effects on the emission linewidth of coherent-wave mixing and the number of modes included in the simulation at various pump rates are discussed.
The spectrum of the cavity-QED microlaser or micromaser is expected to show distinctive features of the coherent light-matter interaction, which are obscured in the conventional Schawlow-Townes linewidth theory. However, the spectral studies have been limited to resonant atom-cavity interaction so far. Here we consider the dispersive interaction in the off-resonance case, from which we uncover a quantum frequency pulling effect in the microlaser or micromaser spectrum. We present a quantum theory of the spectrum which introduces the notion of a frequency-pulling distribution associated with the photon number. In contrast to the conventional laser, periodic variation of the mean frequency pulling is observed with increasing pump parameter and it is attributed to the strong atom-cavity coupling. The pulling distribution gives rise to a spectral broadening, which can be dominant over the nondispersive broadening addressed in the previous works. We also developed a corresponding semiclassical theory and discuss how the introduction of the frequency shift fits in with the extended quantum theory.