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Chinese Physics B

Participant attack on quantum secret sharing based on entanglement swapping

Song Ting-Ting, Jie Zhang, Gao Fei, Wen Qiao-yan, Fu-Chen Zhu

Published Mar 17, 2009• 59 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The security of quantum secret sharing based on entanglement swapping is revisited and a participant attack is presented. In this attack two dishonest agents together can illegally recover the secret quantum state without the help of any other controller, and it will not be detected by any other users. Furthermore, by modifying the distribution process of particles and adding a detection step after each distribution process, we propose an improved protocol which can resist this kind of attack.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/18/4/007

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The security of quantum secret sharing based on entanglement swapping is revisited and a participant attack is presented. In this attack two dishonest agents together can illegally recover the secret quantum state without the help of any other controller, and it will not be detected by any other users. Furthermore, by modifying the distribution process of particles and adding a detection step after each distribution process, we propose an improved protocol which can resist this kind of attack.
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This paper analyzes the security of a quantum secret sharing protocol between multiparty and multiparty, which was proposed by Yan and Gao. We show that this protocol is not secure because an external attacker can obtain the secret message shared by the two groups, making use of entanglement swapping. There are two reasons leading to this result. Firstly, the messages, which are transmitted on the quantum and classical channels, are not protected by message authentication. Secondly, the last participant in group 1 knows more information about the shared secret by the two groups. This result shows that there are some hidden security loopholes in this kind of quantum secret sharing protocols.
Utilizing the advantage of Bell state,a multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol with authentication is put forward.In the protocol,the deal encodes two classical bits of secret message on the quantum carrier though performing local unitary operation.He splits the secret message into n shares and then distributes them to n agents via entanglement swapping.Each agent makes a Bell state measurement on the particles in his hand,and obtains his piece of secret according to the measurement result.In the process of reconstruction,these n agents declare respectively their pieces of secret,and recover the secret message if and only if they collaborate.At the same time,combining the technology of Hash function,the identities of the deal and the agents are authenticated.Hence,one main goal of designing the presented protocol,two-way authentication,is achieved.Moreover,we analyze the security and authentication of the presented protocol in detail.It is shown that this protocol can stand against the attacks of outside eavesdropper and inside participant,which means that it is secure in theory.In addition,since the Bell state was used at most,as compared with other quantum secret sharing protocols,the implementation of the presented protocol is more feasible in the current technical conditions.
Quantum secret sharing is a basic quantum cryptographic primitive, which plays an important role in robust key management and secure multiparty computation etc. In this work, we give a cryptanalysis of efficient controlled semi-quantum secret sharing protocol with entangled states proposed recently, which shows that the controller can recover the secret if he cooperates with any one participant. Furthermore, an external opponent can make participants recover a false secret without being detected by a special denial-of-service attack. Therefore, this protocol does not satisfy the security requirement that any unauthorized set can gain access to no information on the secret and cannot guarantee its correctness.