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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Quantum state sharing

Andrew M. Lance, Thomas Symul, Warwick P. Bowen, Barry C. Sanders, Ping Koy Lam

Published May 25, 2004• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate a multipartite protocol that utilizes entanglement to securely distribute and reconstruct a quantum state. A secret quantum state is encoded into a tripartite entangled state and distributed to three players. By collaborating together, a majority of the players can reconstruct the state, whilst the remaining player obtains nothing. This (2,3) threshold quantum state sharing scheme is characterized in terms of fidelity (F), signal transfer (T) and reconstruction noise (V). We demonstrate a fidelity averaged over all reconstruction permutations of 0.73 ± 0.04, a level achievable only using quantum resources.

DOI
10.1117/12.546945

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We demonstrate a multipartite protocol that utilizes entanglement to securely distribute and reconstruct a quantum state. A secret quantum state is encoded into a tripartite entangled state and distributed to three players. By collaborating together, a majority of the players can reconstruct the state, whilst the remaining player obtains nothing. This (2,3) threshold quantum state sharing scheme is characterized in terms of fidelity (F), signal transfer (T) and reconstruction noise (V). We demonstrate a fidelity averaged over all reconstruction permutations of 0.73 ± 0.04, a level achievable only using quantum resources.
We demonstrate a multipartite protocol to securely distribute and reconstruct a quantum state. A secret quantum state is encoded into a tripartite entangled state and distributed to three players. By collaborating, any two of the three players can reconstruct the state, while individual players obtain nothing. We characterize this (2,3) threshold quantum state sharing scheme in terms of fidelity, signal transfer, and reconstruction noise. We demonstrate a fidelity averaged over all reconstruction permutations of 0.73+/-0.04, a level achievable only using quantum resources.
Quantum-state sharing is a protocol where perfect reconstruction of quantum states is achieved with incomplete or partial information in a multipartite quantum network. Quantum-state sharing allows for secure communication in a quantum network where partial information is lost or acquired by malicious parties. This protocol utilizes entanglement for the secret-state distribution and a class of ``quantum disentangling'' protocols for the state reconstruction. We demonstrate a quantum-state sharing protocol in which a tripartite entangled state is used to encode and distribute a secret state to three players. Any two of these players can collaborate to reconstruct the secret state, while individual players obtain no information. We investigate a number of quantum disentangling processes and experimentally demonstrate quantum-state reconstruction using two of these protocols. We experimentally measure a fidelity, averaged over all reconstruction permutations, of $\mathcal{F}=0.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. A result achievable only by using quantum resources.
Quantum state sharing (QSS) is a protocol by which a (secret) quantum state may be securely split into shares, shared between multiple potentially-dishonest players, and reconstructed. Crucially, the players are each assumed to be dishonest, and so QSS requires that only a collaborating authorized subset of players can access the original secret state; any dishonest unauthorized conspiracy cannot reconstruct it. We analyze a QSS protocol involving three untrusted players and demonstrate that quantum steering is the required resource enabling the protocol to proceed securely. We analyze the level of steering required to share any single-mode Gaussian secret which enables the states to be shared with the optimal use of resources.
Secret sharing is a conventional technique for realizing secure communications in information networks, where a dealer distributes to n players a secret, which can only be decoded through the cooperation of k (n/2<k≤n) players. In recent years, quantum resources have been employed to enhance security of secret sharing, which has been named quantum secret sharing (QSS). A multipartite bound entanglement (BE) state of an optical field, due to its special entanglement features, can be used in quantum networks to improve security and flexibility of communication. We design and experimentally demonstrate a QSS protocol, where the dealer modulates a secret on a four-partite BE state and then distributes the submodes of the BE state to four spatially separated players. The presented QSS scheme has the capability to protect secrets from eavesdropping and dishonest players, because a nonlocal and deterministic BE state is shared among four authorized players.
We present a quantum protocol utilizing a tripartite three-level state. The state used in this scheme contains entanglement even after one system is traced out and as a result can be used for both a secret-sharing protocol among the three parties and a quantum-key-distribution protocol between any two parties. We show how to utilize this residual entanglement for quantum-key-distribution purposes, and explore a possible realization of the scheme using entanglement of orbital-angular-momentum states of photons.
Superconducting microwave quantum networks is a rapidly developing field, enabling distributed quantum computing and holding a promise for hybrid architectures in quantum internet. Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is one of the key protocols for multipartite quantum networks and can provide an unconditionally secure way to share quantum states among nnn players. Using microwave two-mode squeezed states as an entanglement resource, we experimentally implement a QSS protocol with n=3n = 3n=3, where a subset of at least k=2k = 2k=2 players must collaborate to faithfully reconstruct the original secret state. We demonstrate reconstructed-state fidelities that surpass the asymptotic no-cloning threshold of Fnc=2/3F_\textrm{nc} = 2/3Fnc​=2/3 and identify a parameter regime that allows for unconditionally secure communication in the presence of an omnipotent dishonest player. Furthermore, we experimentally explore inherent connections between QSS and other important quantum information processing tasks, such as quantum dense coding and elementary quantum error correction of channel erasures. Finally, we discuss extensions of QSS and its relation to the concept of blind quantum computing.