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Journal of Luminescence

On the shifting of optical transition frequencies in rare-earth doped insulators by resonant optical excitation

Huang Jin, J.M. Zhang, A. Lezama, THOMAS W. MOSSBERG

Published Jan 1, 1990• 9 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0022-2313(90)90203-n

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The paper reports on the experimental realization on the possibility of isolating ions in a selected frequency channel. In the scheme, this interaction is mediated by the change in permanent dipole moment experienced by the rare-earth ions when they are optically excited from the ground state to an excited state. The change in dipole moment changes the electric field experienced by ions situated close to the excited ion, thus their absorption frequencies are changed. The important aspect, in order to use this frequency shift for controlled logic, is that the shift is large enough for ions, originally resonant with a certain laser frequency, to be shifted out of resonance with this laser field. Excitation induced frequency shifts are experimentally observed, which opens the way for the realisation of the first quantum gate in this type of solid state materials.
We report measurements of discrete excitation-induced frequency shifts on the $^{7}F_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{5}D_{0}$ transition of the Eu3+{\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}Eu3+ center in $\mathrm{La}\mathrm{\text{:}}\mathrm{Lu}\mathrm{\text{:}}{\mathrm{EuCl}}_{3}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}6{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ resulting from the optical excitation of neighboring Eu3+{\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}Eu3+ ions. Shifts of up to $46.081\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MHz}$ were observed. The magnitude of the interaction between neighboring ions was found to be significantly larger than expected from the electric dipole-dipole mechanism often observed in rare earth systems. We show that a large network of interacting and individually addressable centers can be created by lightly doping crystals otherwise stoichiometric in the optically active rare earth ion, and that this network could be used to implement a quantum processor with more than ten qubits.
In optically controlled quantum computers it may be favorable to address different qubits using light with different frequencies, since the optical diffraction does not then limit the distance between qubits. Using qubits that are close to each other enables qubit-qubit interactions and gate operations that are strong and fast in comparison to qubit-environment interactions and decoherence rates. However, as qubits are addressed in frequency space, great care has to be taken when designing the laser pulses, so that they perform the desired operation on one qubit, without affecting other qubits. Complex hyperbolic secant pulses have theoretically been shown to be excellent for such frequency-addressed quantum computing [I. Roos and K. Molmer, Phys. Rev. A 69, 022321 (2004)]---e.g., for use in quantum computers based on optical interactions in rare-earth-metal-ion-doped crystals. The optical transition lines of the rare-earth-metal-ions are inhomogeneously broadened and therefore the frequency of the excitation pulses can be used to selectively address qubit ions that are spatially separated by a distance much less than a wavelength. Here, frequency-selective transfer of qubit ions between qubit states using complex hyperbolic secant pulses is experimentally demonstrated. Transfer efficiencies better than 90% were obtained. Using the complex hyperbolic secant pulses it was also possible to create two groups of ions, absorbing at specific frequencies, where 85% of the ions at one of the frequencies was shifted out of resonance with the field when ions in the other frequency group were excited. This procedure of selecting interacting ions, called qubit distillation, was carried out in preparation for two-qubit gate operations in the rare-earth-metal-ion-doped crystals. The techniques for frequency-selective state-to-state transfer developed here may be also useful also for other quantum optics and quantum information experiments in these long-coherence-time solid-state systems.