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Physical Review Letters

Radiation-Induced Bistability in Josephson Junctions

Subodh R. Shenoy, G. S. Agarwal

Published Jun 9, 1980• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is predicted that a nonequilibrium first-order phase transition analogous to optical bistability can occur when external coherent radiation is applied to a suitably prepared Josephson junction with an external resistance across it. The size of the hysteresis region can be tuned by varying the resistance.
DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.44.1524

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A theory is presented for the nonequilibrium voltage states of an irradiated Josephson junction shunted by an external resistor but with no external current or voltage biasing. This device, referred to as a free-running Josephson junction, is modeled in a small--radiation-amplitude, deterministic regime extending the previous work of Shenoy and Agarwal. The time-averaged induced voltage is treated as a dynamical variable, the external radiation is modeled as a current source, and the induced junction-radiation vector potential, with and without a mode structure, is treated to first order in the driving currents. A dynamical equation for the time-averaged induced voltage yields a (nonequilibrium) steady-state relation between the time-averaged induced voltage and the incident radiation amplitude valid for a wide range of voltages, including zero. Regions of bistability occur in the voltage--versus--incident-amplitude curves, some of which are dependent on the external resistor. The zero-voltage state breaks down, as the external radiation amplitude is increased, at a critical value of the incident-radiation amplitude inversely proportional to the external resistance.
We predict two novel quantum drag effects which can occur in macroscopically quantum coherent Josephson circuits. We demonstrate that biasing one resistively shunted Josephson junction by an external current one can induce a nonzero voltage drop across another such junction capacitively coupled to the first one. This quantum Coulomb drag is caused by cotunneling of magnetic flux quanta across both junctions which remain in the "superconducting" regime. Likewise, Cooper pair cotunneling across a pair of connected in series Josephson junctions in the "insulating" regime is responsible for another-dual-quantum Coulomb drag effect.
Our model, presented earlier, which predicts the circumstances under which intrinsic mirrorless optical bistability (OB) can occur due to atomic pair correlation in a small volume, is outlined and the results presented. These results, which Predict a first-order phase transition in steady state for an externally-driven collection of a large number of atoms far removed from thermodynamic equilibriun, forms the motivation for a detailed microscopic examination of the dynamical behavior of atonic pair correlation in the presence of externally-applied coherent radiation. 4 model is presented and results are discussed for the transient dynamic evolution of two, two-level atoms separated from each other by a distance r in the presence of an externally-applied coherent radiation field. The results predict collective radiation reaction, frequency shifts, relaxation in terms of the atomic seoaration r (assumed much larger than single atom dimensions), the externally-applied field intensity and spacial uniformity of the field with respect to the inter-atomic volume.