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IEEE Microwave Magazine

Alice meets Dr. Gauss

L. Young

Published Sep 1, 2001• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Have you heard the latest news since Einstein? It was news in scientific and engineering journals, such as Science and IEEE Spectrum, and it even made headlines in the popular press, as in the San Francisco Chronicle. Yes, light can be slowed down, even stopped! Einstein, eat your heart out! (To be fair, Einstein said only that nothing could travel faster than light, but that too has been questioned lately.) Well, it may have been news to you and me, but it wasn’t news in Wonderland, where it had been known for a long time. So if a Nobel prize were to be awarded for this discovery, it ought to go to a Wonderland scientist—Nobel Committee, please note. Here is the full story of how Alice first encountered this phenomenon in Wonderland. And then I’ll show how it explains Gaussian units, which are now in common use in Wonderland.

DOI
10.1109/mmw.2001.951544

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Have you heard the latest news since Einstein? It was news in scientific and engineering journals, such as Science and IEEE Spectrum, and it even made headlines in the popular press, as in the San Francisco Chronicle. Yes, light can be slowed down, even stopped! Einstein, eat your heart out! (To be fair, Einstein said only that nothing could travel faster than light, but that too has been questioned lately.) Well, it may have been news to you and me, but it wasn’t news in Wonderland, where it had been known for a long time. So if a Nobel prize were to be awarded for this discovery, it ought to go to a Wonderland scientist—Nobel Committee, please note. Here is the full story of how Alice first encountered this phenomenon in Wonderland. And then I’ll show how it explains Gaussian units, which are now in common use in Wonderland.
WHETHER we use it to estimate how far away a thunderstorm is, or simply take it for granted that we can have a conversation with someone on the other side of the world, we all know that light travels extremely fast. Indeed, special relativity teaches us that nothing in the universe can ever move faster than the speed of light in a vacuum: 2,99792,458ms -1 . However, there is no such limitation on how slowly light can travel. For the last few years, researchers have been routinely slowing light to just a few metres per second, and have recently even stopped it dead in its tracks so that it can be stored for future use.
Albert Einstein found that, for two particles coming from the same source, when the state of one changes, that of the other may change at the same time, no matter how far they are apart from each other.This superluminal phenomenon totally violates the special theory of relativity which says nothing's speed exceeds the limit of light speed, what's more, as of today, nobody has made a satisfying explanation of this strange phenomenon, not even Einstein's own general relativity.We bring forward our novel view of this long pending dilemma based on the observations of the latest physical lab reports and by summarizing various theories of information, computer science, communications, religion and physics itself.We call it Super General Relativity for now.
Peaceful coexistence For a hundred years, physicists trumpeted the celestial speed limit. Einstein has shown, they said, that nothing travels faster than light. But for a generation now, there has been stunning experimental evidence that hints that some mysterious influences are travelling faster than light. Contemporary physics rests on two great pillars. Einstein's theories describe the large-scale structure of space and time. Quantum theory describes the small-scale behaviour of matter within space and time: the behaviour of molecules, atoms and other particles. Roughly, one describes the container, and the other the contents. Although research continues, the two traditions are so much at variance that no one has been able to combine them into a single, unified theory or “theory of everything”. Quantum theory emerged piecemeal over many years and its development was driven by experimental results and mathematical guesses. Like most committee efforts, quantum theory was a patchwork of conflicting motivations and strategies. There is one central obstacle to unification: even today no one really understands quantum theory. For many years, relativity and quantum theory led a peaceful coexistence. The mysteries of quantum theory were dramatized by a series of paradoxes, but the theory worked very well and never threatened to contradict and overthrow its rival. But now things are changing. Recent experiments are revealing that quantum theory is even more strange than expected. Sometimes it appears as a great, conceptual black hole that sucks down into it every attempt to clarify the foundations of physics.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 has been awarded to John Clarke, John Martinis, and Michel Devoret for "the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit". The paper explains the essence of their studies and shows in a historical context the importance of earlier research in superconductivity and quantum physics of macroscopic systems by other physicists, particularly, Ukrainian scientists, including employees of the B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the NAS of Ukraine (ILTPE). The role of the Fizyka Nyzkykh Temperatur (FNT) journal issued by ILTPE in Kharkiv and its translation as AIP Low Temperature Physics (LTP) in dissemination of results of the theoretical and experimental studies in the field is emphasized as well.