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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Ultra-bright source of polarization-entangled photons in a linear double-pass configuration

Fabian Steinlechner, Sven Ramelow, Marc Jofre, Marta Gilaberte Basset, Thomas D. Jennewein, Juan P. Torres, Morgan W. Mitchell, Valerio Pruneri

Published May 1, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A number of key experiments in free-space have shown that polarization-entangled photons are not only of paramount importance to fundamental quantum optics, but can also find real-world applications in space, such as quantum enhanced metrological schemes, quantum communication and quantum cryptography. A crucial requirement for envisaged satellite-link experiments is the development of efficient space-qualified sources of entangled photons.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801674

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Free-space quantum key distribution has recently achieved several milestones, such as \nthe launch and results of the first quantum satellite, Micius. The emergence of quantum satellites has certainly made progress towards the realization of a global quantum cryptographic network. In this thesis, two challenges in the development of an optical quantum ground station \nfor a free-space quantum satellite link are studied. The first is the development of a high brightness, fiber pigtailed waveguide that is to be used as a polarization entangled photon source. The high pair production rate is required in order to meet the requirements for a satellite up-link configuration. The portability, robustness and ease of alignment were motivations for choosing a fiber pigtailed source. Certain challenges that are fundamental to the source design were characterized and several solutions to these challenges were investigated. The other main investigation in this thesis, is the development of a passive polarization \ncompensation using polarization maintaining fibers. The birefringence in standard single mode optical fibers causes random polarization rotations to the light passing through the fiber. Polarization maintaining fibers, though very high in birefringence, are used with entangled photons and techniques from reference frame independent quantum key distribution protocols are shown to compensate for random polarization rotations while preserving the entanglement. In addition, the feasibility of the protocol using the polarization maintaining fibers is investigated. \nThrough various studies, experiments, and component design, the feasibility of a pigtailed waveguide entangled photon source has been shown to need further investigation, while the feasibility of implementing polarization maintaining fibers to the ground station has been shown to be effective. It is particularly effective as a passive polarization compensation system that uses entanglement, however a similar concept is effective for non-entangled single photons. This work contributes to a long line of achievements leading towards satellite implementations of quantum key distribution for an eventual global quantum cryptographic network.

•Aug 27, 2018•1 citation
A number of key experiments in free-space have shown that polarization-entangled photons are not only of paramount importance to fundamental quantum optics, but can also find real-world applications in space, such as quantum enhanced metrological schemes, quantum communication and quantum cryptography. A crucial requirement for envisaged satellite-link experiments is the development of efficient space-qualified sources of entangled photons.
The nonlocal correlations of entangled systems are a feature inherent to quantum theory that is fundamentally at odds with our common-sense notions of realism and locality. Additionally, entanglement is an essential resource for numerous quantum communication protocols such as quantum teleportation and quantum dense coding, quantum cryptography, as well as quantum-enhanced metrological schemes and quantum computation. These quantum schemes allow for significant gains in performance over their classical counterparts, and a commercial implementation of protocols utilizing entangled photons thus seems likely in the foreseeable future. A key challenge to be addressed, in order to achieve a global-scale implementation of quantum-enhanced protocols, is the distribution of entanglement over long distances. While photons are in many ways ideal carriers of quantum information, their distribution over long distances is significantly impeded by losses. At present, loss in optical fiber links or atmospheric attenuation and obstructions of the line of sight in terrestrial free-space links limit the distribution of photonic entanglement to several hundred kilometers. Installing sources of photons with quantum correlations on space platforms would allow such distance limitations to be overcome. This would not only lead to the first global-scale implementation of quantum communication protocols, but would also create the opportunity for a completely new class of quantum experiments in a general relativistic framework. State-of-the-art laboratory sources of entangled photons are generally ill-suited for applications in harsh environments such as space, either owing to the use of bulky lasers, the requirement for active interferometric stabilization, or insufficient photon-pair-generation efficiency. Thus, an integral milestone for the experimental implementation of quantum communication protocols over satellite links is the development of robust, space-proof sources of entangled photons with high brightness and entanglement visibility. This thesis is intended to bridge laboratory experiments and real-world applications of quantum entanglement in harsh operational conditions. To this end, the main results of this thesis are: Highly efficient sources of polarization-entangled photons for the distribution of entanglement via long-distance free-space links. The sources are very robust and compact, and incorporate only components which are compliant with the severe requirements of space flight and operation. Optimization of spectral properties and fiber-coupling efficiency of photon pairs generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion in bulk periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate. The results of these studies are of great practical relevance for the development of an ultra-stable and efficient entangled photon source. Engineering and characterization of field-deployable polarization-entangled photon sources with high visibility (>99%) and record pair-detection rates (>3 million detected pairs per mW of pump power). As a result of the performance demonstrated, the sources developed have been incorporated into ongoing experiments, for example in quantum nanophotonics and quantum communications, and will provide an enabling tool for future real-world applications. Las correlaciones no locales de sistemas entrelazados son una característica inherente a la teoría cuántica que está fundamentalmente en desacuerdo con nuestra noción intuitiva de realismo y localidad. Además, el entrelazamiento es un recurso esencial en numerosos protocolos de comunicaciones cuánticas, como por ejemplo la teleportación cuántica o la criptografía cuántica, en esquemas metrológicos cuánticos y en computación cuántica. Todos estos esquemas cuánticos permiten mejoras significativas de rendimiento con respecto a sus homólogos clásicos, por lo tanto, parece previsible que en un futuro próximo veamos implementaciones comerciales de protocolos que utilicen fotones entrelazados. Un reto fundamental con el fin de lograr una implementación a escala global del entrelazamiento cuántico es su distribución a grandes distancias. A pesar de que los fotones son portadores ideales de información cuántica, su distribución a través de largas distancias está significativamente limitada por pérdidas. En la actualidad, las pérdidas introducidas por las fibras ópticas, la atenuación atmosférica, o la dificultad de obtener una línea de visión directa en enlaces terrestres limitan la distribución de entrelazamiento fotónico a varios cientos de kilómetros. La instalación de fuentes de fotones con correlaciones cuánticas en plataformas espaciales permitiría superar tales limitaciones de distancia. Esto no sólo daría lugar a la primera aplicación de protocolos de comunicación cuántica a escala mundial, sino que también daría la oportunidad de llevar a cabo un nuevo tipo de experimentos cuánticos en un marco de la relatividad general. Las fuentes de fotones entrelazados que podemos encontrar hoy en día en los laboratorios de óptica cuántica no están en general preparadas para ser usadas en entornos hostiles, como podría ser el espacio, ya sea por la utilización de láseres voluminosos, la necesidad de estabilizar interferómetros activamente o simplemente por tener una eficiencia insuficiente. Por lo tanto, un prerrequisito para lograr la implementación experimental de protocolos de comunicación cuántica a través de enlaces satelitales es el desarrollo de fuentes de fotones entrelazados que sean robustas, compatibles con operación espacial, y con alto brillo y visibilidad. En esta tesis se pretende conectar los experimentos de laboratorio en entrelazamiento cuántico y las aplicaciones en entornos operacionales desfavorables en el mundo real. Los principales resultados son: ¿ Fuentes de fotones entrelazados en polarización de alta eficiencia para la distribución de entrelazamiento a través de enlaces en espacio libre de larga distancia. Las fuentes son muy robustas y compactas, y utilizan únicamente componentes que son compatibles con estrictos requisitos de vuelo y operaciones espaciales. - Optimización de las propiedades espectrales y la eficiencia de acoplamiento a fibra monomodo de pares de fotones generados a través de spontaneous parametric down-conversion en titanil fosfato de potasio polarizado periódicamente. Los resultados de estos estudios son de gran importancia para el desarrollo de una fuente de fotones entrelazados ultra-estable y eficiente. - Desarrollo y caracterización de fuentes de fotones entrelazados en polarización con alta visibilidad (> 99%) y alto brillo (> 3 millones de pares detectados por mW de potencia de bombeo). Como resultado del rendimiento obtenido, las fuentes desarrolladas en esta tesis ya están siendo utilizadas en experimentos en curso, como por ejemplo en nanofotónica cuántica y en comunicaciones cuánticas, y serán un elemento esencial en futuras aplicaciones.
Photonic entanglement is a fundamental resource in quantum information processing and its distribution between distant parties is a key challenge in quantum communications. Optical satellite links allow transmitting entangled photons over longer distances than currently possible on ground and could provide a path towards global quantum communication networks. The majority of current photonic free-space quantum communication systems, including two recent quantum satellite experiments, use two-dimensional polarization encoding, where each photon can carry at most a single bit of quantum information. Encoding additional qubits in the high-dimensional spatio-temporal degrees of freedom could not only increase channel capacities but also improve robustness with respect to noise and eavesdropping in quantum cryptography. Here, we give an overview of our efforts towards exploiting high-dimensional entanglement in long-distance free-space quantum communications. We report on the results of a first feasibility study, in which we used polarization / energy-time hyperentanglement to increase the dimensionality of the state space and transmit genuine 4-dimensional entanglement via an intra-city free-space link. We discuss how we intend to extend this approach to applications in noise-tolerant large-alphabet quantum key distribution via free-space links, and, ultimately, experiments with satellites.
Quantum communication uses the laws of quantum physics to encode and decode information and hence provides much more efficient ways of communication than are classically possible. Additionally employing quantum entanglement offers access to a new domain of communication protocols, such as Quantum Dense Coding, Quantum Teleportation or Quantum Cryptography. Photonic realizations allow implementing quantum communication over long distances. To achieve quantum networking on a global scale, photonic free-space links via satellites are a promising future trend. Entanglement-based quantum communication schemes rely on an efficient source of high-quality quantum-entangled photons. Over the last decade extensive effort has been put into the development and enhancement of highly efficient sources. Using spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) in nonlinear crystals turned out to be the most successful method of creating polarization-entangled photon pairs. To date, periodically poled crystals allow collinear setups of very high brightness. We present a highly efficient source of polarization-entangled photons whose performance in pair-production rate, phase stability and compactness by far exceeds that of previous approaches. The superior brightness and quality of entanglement of our source enabled us to cope with high link attenuation, thus allowing to bridge long free-space distances. We performed a proof-of-concept experiment between the Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife making use of the European Space Agency's (ESA) optical ground station (OGS). Therefore we used space hardware within a quantum communication free-space experiment. We successfully emulated conditions that are expected for a LEO-satellite down link and we faithfully transmitted a maximally quantum-entangled state over a long-distance free-space link of 144km. These results pave the way for first quantum communication experiments in space.
Free-space quantum key distribution has recently achieved several milestones, such as \nthe launch and results of the first quantum satellite, Micius. The emergence of quantum satellites has certainly made progress towards the realization of a global quantum cryptographic network. In this thesis, two challenges in the development of an optical quantum ground station \nfor a free-space quantum satellite link are studied. The first is the development of a high brightness, fiber pigtailed waveguide that is to be used as a polarization entangled photon source. The high pair production rate is required in order to meet the requirements for a satellite up-link configuration. The portability, robustness and ease of alignment were motivations for choosing a fiber pigtailed source. Certain challenges that are fundamental to the source design were characterized and several solutions to these challenges were investigated. The other main investigation in this thesis, is the development of a passive polarization \ncompensation using polarization maintaining fibers. The birefringence in standard single mode optical fibers causes random polarization rotations to the light passing through the fiber. Polarization maintaining fibers, though very high in birefringence, are used with entangled photons and techniques from reference frame independent quantum key distribution protocols are shown to compensate for random polarization rotations while preserving the entanglement. In addition, the feasibility of the protocol using the polarization maintaining fibers is investigated. \nThrough various studies, experiments, and component design, the feasibility of a pigtailed waveguide entangled photon source has been shown to need further investigation, while the feasibility of implementing polarization maintaining fibers to the ground station has been shown to be effective. It is particularly effective as a passive polarization compensation system that uses entanglement, however a similar concept is effective for non-entangled single photons. This work contributes to a long line of achievements leading towards satellite implementations of quantum key distribution for an eventual global quantum cryptographic network.