Recently, it was proposed that the spin-statistics connection arises due to a quantum dynamical phase involving cosmic gravity (Unnikrishnan C S, gr-qc/0406043). There it was assumed that the gravitational quantum phase accumulated on the wavefunctions of each of two identical particles undergoing scattering in the presence of cosmic matter with the direction of their momentum changing by some angle is equivalent to the particles forward scattering with the entire universe rotating oppositely by the same angle. However, if one considers the gravitational phase accumulated by an electron in orbit to be analogous to that acquired by a scattering particle, the accumulated phase inferred from the fine-structure splitting in an atom is too small to explain the spin statistics connection. Though, the desirability of a dynamical proof of the spin-statistics connection remains.
Recently, it was proposed that the spin-statistics connection arises due to a quantum dynamical phase involving cosmic gravity (Unnikrishnan C S, gr-qc/0406043). There it was assumed that the gravitational quantum phase accumulated on the wavefunctions of each of two identical particles undergoing scattering in the presence of cosmic matter with the direction of their momentum changing by some angle is equivalent to the particles forward scattering with the entire universe rotating oppositely by the same angle. However, if one considers the gravitational phase accumulated by an electron in orbit to be analogous to that acquired by a scattering particle, the accumulated phase inferred from the fine-structure splitting in an atom is too small to explain the spin statistics connection. Though, the desirability of a dynamical proof of the spin-statistics connection remains.
Extant proofs of the spin-statistics connection (SSC) are kinematical. C S Unnikrishnan has suggested that a dynamical interaction leading to the SSC would involve spin and perforce gravity, the only known universal force. For the scattering of two identical particles, he considers [arXiv: gr-qc/0406043] the interaction of their spins with the gravito-magnetic field generated by their scattering motion through cosmic matter-energy. There the direct and particles-exchanged scattering amplitudes accumulate different quantum phases which provide the relevant bosonic/fermionic sign between them without applying the ad hoc SSC rule. Here it is shown that the scattering probabilities given by the standard implementation of SSC in quantum mechanics are actually not obtained from the above interaction for most initial spin states of the scattering particles. Instead, an unrealized peculiar dynamical interaction is required. Further, a spin-gravito-magnetic interaction as above (with caveats) would result in a large unmeasured spin-orbit coupling type effect on atomic energy levels. A comparison with a typical rotation based proof is also provided.
Satyendra Nath Bose's attempt to describe the quantum statistical aspects of light consistently in terms of particles, and Einstein's generalisation, lead to the concept of Bosons as a class of quanta obeying `Bose-Einstein statistics'. Their identity as a class came in sharp contrast when the Pauli exclusion principle and the Dirac equation revealed the other class called Fermions, obeying `Fermi-Dirac statistics'. Spin, and spin alone, is the determining factor of the multiparticle behaviour of fundamental quanta. This is the basis of the Spin-Statistics Connection. While it is known that the overall theoretical picture is consistent, the physical reason for the connection is unknown. Further, the class difference is sensitive only to the total spin in a quantum aggregate, as spectacularly seen in superconductivity and superfluidity, and in the Bose-Einstein condensation of neutral atomic gas. Can we grasp the true reason behind the difference in the collective behaviour of Bosons and Fermions? An explorer's journey demanding logical and physical consistency of what we already know takes us to the hidden factors in the relation between spin and the statistics of quanta. The surprising answer is in the domain of gravity, that too, on a cosmic scale.
The quantum nature of gravity is one of physics' greatest unsolved problems, with existing experimental proposals facing formidable challenges in maintaining spatial superpositions of massive objects against decoherence. We propose a fundamentally different approach that bypasses these difficulties. The central insight is that a quantum gravitational field can imprint a gauge-invariant phase on a particle's wavefunction even along an open trajectory, arising from the quantum backreaction of the source. This phase, which manifests prior to the final recombination stage of an interferometer and cannot be generated by a classical gravitational field, provides an operationally direct witness to the quantumness of gravity. Our experimental design uses a single photon whose accumulated gravitational phase due to the Earth is transferred via absorption to auxiliary atoms near the end of the interferometer sequence, preserving the open-path character essential for the test. We scale the interferometer to yield a detectable phase of order 10−3 rad and show how non-local correlation measurements on the atoms can access this gauge-invariant signature. Leveraging established quantum optical and atomic techniques, this proposal offers a feasible path to distinguish quantum from classical gravity. A positive result would provide the first experimental evidence for the quantum nature of gravitational fields, with profound implications for quantum gravity theories.
In this paper, the quantum dynamics was obtained in the framework of the general theory of relativity, where a quantum particle is described by a distribution of matter, with amplitude functions of the matter density, in the two conjugate spaces of the spatial coordinates and of the momentum, called wave functions. For a free particle, these wave functions are conjugate wave packets in the coordinate and momentum spaces, with time-dependent phases proportional to the relativistic Lagrangian, as the wave velocities in the coordinate space are equal to the distribution velocity described by the wave packet in this space. From the wave velocities of the particle wave functions, Lorentz’s force and the Maxwell equations were obtained. From the wave/group equation in the momentum space describing the Lorentz force, the expressions of the electric and magnetic fields as functions of the electric potential conjugated to time and of the vector potential conjugated to the coordinates in the particle-field Lagrangian were obtained. With these expressions, the electric and magnetic fields that satisfy the Faraday-Maxwell law of electromagnetic induction and the two Gauss-Maxwell laws of these fields were obtained. The Ampère-Maxwell law is obtained only by taking into account the physical consistency of the matter-field interaction of the equality of the propagation field velocity with the maximum relativistic velocity c. For a quantum particle in the electromagnetic field, dynamic equations in the coordinate and momentum spaces and the particle and antiparticle wave functions were obtained. It was shown that the electromagnetic potentials as functions of the coordinates describing the matter distribution of the quantum particle do not alter this distribution – under the action of an electromagnetic a quantum particle moves as a whole. The scattering or tunneling rate in an electromagnetic field, for the two possible cases, with the spin conservation, or inversion, were obtained. This description of a quantum particle as a distribution of matter with a density amplitude/wavefunction of the form of a wave packet, with the time-dependent phase proportional to the relativistic Lagrangian as a function of the metric tensor including also the gravitational field, enables the application of this theory in quantum gravity and quantum field theory in agreement with general relativity.
Quantum entanglement is a group of particles that interact indirectly with other particles that are close or distant in space. As for qualitative entanglement, it is social and cosmic phenomena that are close or distant in space and also interact indirectly with similar phenomena. Our interpretation is that cosmic events are mostly coordinated in advance, similar to movie scenes, and that the universe exists within other concentric universes. Descition Quantum entanglement is that a particle rotates clockwise so that it is physically linked, no matter how far apart, to another particle that rotates counterclockwise, meaning that the total spin is zero. Einstein and his ilk went to the impossibility of such quantum behavior and described it as a ghostly action from a distance, but they differed. Rather, they proved that the interpretations of quantum mechanics are realistic and that the effect between particles separated by enormous astronomical distances occurs instantaneously, such that the speed of light cannot explain it. This was captured by researchers from the University of Glasgow in the year. The first image of quantum entanglement is known as entanglement, and it is hoped that such entanglement will contribute to advancing communications and computing. On our part, we can add that entanglement is to make two similar things have a kind of difference, but there is a strong connection between them. Particles are usually identical, but the difference is in the opposite rotation of each of them, and the connection is in these opposite particles. We have found similarity in the attraction between things, each of which has mass and attracts the other, and this is the connection. The law of gravity is subject to a mathematical law, and it is the one who lacks something that does not give it. If there is nothing on Earth similar to what is on the moon, then there cannot be an attraction between them. We can call it gravitational entanglement. There is an equivalent entanglement represented by the equivalence of energy and mass E=mc^2.
[This is a draaft for comments. The notation is non-standard, but deliberate, to provoke close reading. Komments and korrektions are welcome.] Advanced quantum field theory is not entirely necessary in order to explain the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and hence spin--statistics. What is essential is entanglement structure, in the form of isotropic spin correlation. Reviewing a paper by O'Hara we summarize the result and point out the residual ``mystery'' of spin--statistics, and propose a natural explanation for the phenomenon using the framework of topological 4-geon theory (a gravitational theory of quantum mechanics). We revisit two persistent interpretive problems in quantum theory: (i) the origin of fermionic exchange symmetry, as expressed in the spin--statistics connection and the Pauli exclusion principle, and (ii) the status of so-called ``virtual particles'' associated with internal lines of Feynman diagrams.