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Physical Review Letters

Exact Results for Two- and Three-Dimensional Ising and Potts Models

Eytan Domany

Published Mar 12, 1984• 94 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The exact transition temperature, as well as some of the critical exponents, of certain three-dimensional Ising and Potts models is presented. With the analytic results supplemented by assumptions concerning the validity of universality, the critical point is identified as a Liftshitz point. On the basis of hyperscaling, the dynamic exponent $z$ for two-dimensional Ising and Potts model is predicted to be given by $z\ensuremath{\nu}=2+\ensuremath{\alpha}$.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.52.871

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The exact transition temperature, as well as some of the critical exponents, of certain three-dimensional Ising and Potts models is presented. With the analytic results supplemented by assumptions concerning the validity of universality, the critical point is identified as a Liftshitz point. On the basis of hyperscaling, the dynamic exponent zzz for two-dimensional Ising and Potts model is predicted to be given by z\ensuremathν=2+\ensuremathαz\ensuremath{\nu}=2+\ensuremath{\alpha}z\ensuremathν=2+\ensuremathα.
Values of dynamic critical exponents are numerically estimated for various models with the nonequilibrium relaxation method to test the dynamic universality hypothesis. The dynamics used here are single-spin update with Metropolis-type transition probabities. The estimated values of nonequilibrium relaxation exponent of magnetization λ m (=β/ z ν) of Ising models on bcc and fcc lattices are estimated to be 0.251(3) and 0.252(3), respectively, which are consistent with the value of the model on simple-cubic lattice, 0.250(2). The dynamic critical exponents of three-states Potts models on square, honeycomb and triangular lattices are also estimated to be 2.193(5), 2.198(4), and 2.199(3), respectively. They are consistent within the error bars. It is also confirmed that Ising models with regularly modulated coupling constants on square lattice have the same dynamic critical exponents with the uniformly ferromagnetic Ising model.
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A plausible argument using the concepts of dynamic renormalisation group is used to derive the dynamical exponent z of the one-dimensional q=2, 3 and 4 Potts and four-state clock models. The exact result (z=2) for the Ising model with Glauber dynamics is recovered and in addition the authors find that the q=3, 4 Potts and four-state clock models belong to the same universality class. Moreover they find that z=3.05+or-0.1 for the (q=2) Potts model with Kawasaki dynamics in agreement with the z=4- eta prediction of Halperin, Hohenberg and Ma (1974). A simple qualitative derivation is also given.
Pad\'e approximants have been used to estimate both the critical temperature and the critical-point exponents of the Ising model. In the standard Pad\'e analysis the approximants near the diagonal are given more credence. In the present study of two-dimensional models more credence is given to those entries for which the estimated critical temperature is close to the exact value. For three-dimensional models an analogous method is employed using the "exact" critical temperature estimated from the high-temperature compressibility series. The rationale for selecting these particular approximants is based on the fact that one is estimating critical-point behavior by extrapolating from a series representation. Thus, if the estimated critical point is shifted from its true value, one should expect a corresponding shift in the estimated exponent. Indeed, this is what is found.
Abstract We compute the exact partition function for the 3-state Potts model on square lattices of several sizes larger than previously accessible. Making comparison with the exactly solved Ising model we show that, for aspects of the analytic structure close to the ferromagnetic transition point, these lattices are large enough to approach the thermodynamic limit. Subject to certain assumptions this allows for computation of estimates for the specific heat critical exponent. We thus obtain an estimate for this exponent. The estimate is consistent with the known result, thus demonstrating the potential use of this method for other models. We also discuss the antiferromagnetic transition.
The scaling of the transition temperature into an ordered phase close to a quantum critical point as well as the order parameter fluctuations inside the quantum critical region provide valuable information about universal properties of the underlying quantum critical point. Here, we employ quantum Monte Carlo simulations to examine these relations in detail for two-dimensional quantum systems that exhibit a finite-temperature Ising-transition line in the vicinity of a quantum critical point that belongs to the universality class of either (i) the three-dimensional Ising model for the case of the quantum Ising model in a transverse magnetic field on the square lattice or (ii) the chiral Ising transition for the case of a half-filled system of spinless fermions on the honeycomb lattice with nearest-neighbor repulsion. While the first case allows large-scale simulations to assess the scaling predictions to a high precision in terms of the known values for the critical exponents at the quantum critical point, for the later case, we extract values of the critical exponents $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}$, related to the order parameter fluctuations, which we discuss in relation to other recent estimates from ground-state quantum Monte Carlo calculations as well as analytical approaches.