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Physica Scripta

Information and entropic characteristics of photon and qudit quantum states

Margarita A. Man’ko

Published Sep 1, 2010• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The probability distribution determining the quantum states of photons and qudits are reviewed. Shannon, Rényi and Tsallis entropies associated with the probability distributions are discussed. Shannon information associated with quantum states in the probability representation is considered. Known inequalities for the classical joint probability distributions determining quantum states of multipartite systems are discussed in detail and the relationship to the inequalities known for quantum von Neumann entropy of the states is presented. Properties of subadditivity and strong subadditivity of the von Neumann entropy of two-partite and multipartite qudit states are considered in view of the subadditivity and strong subadditivity properties of Shannon entropies associated with classical joint probability distributions determining the multiqudit quantum states. The new entropic uncertainty relationships for optical tomograms are suggested as a test for accuracy of the homodyne reconstructing the photon state.

DOI
10.1088/0031-8949/2010/t140/014027

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The probability distribution determining the quantum states of photons and qudits are reviewed. Shannon, Rényi and Tsallis entropies associated with the probability distributions are discussed. Shannon information associated with quantum states in the probability representation is considered. Known inequalities for the classical joint probability distributions determining quantum states of multipartite systems are discussed in detail and the relationship to the inequalities known for quantum von Neumann entropy of the states is presented. Properties of subadditivity and strong subadditivity of the von Neumann entropy of two-partite and multipartite qudit states are considered in view of the subadditivity and strong subadditivity properties of Shannon entropies associated with classical joint probability distributions determining the multiqudit quantum states. The new entropic uncertainty relationships for optical tomograms are suggested as a test for accuracy of the homodyne reconstructing the photon state.
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We consider the probability distributions, spin (qudit)-state tomograms and density matrices of quantum states, and their information characteristics, such as Shannon and von Neumann entropies and q-entropies, from the viewpoints of both well-known purely mathematical features of nonnegative numbers and nonnegative matrices and their physical characteristics, such as entanglement and other quantum correlation phenomena. We review entropic inequalities such as the Araki–Lieb inequality and the subadditivity and strong subadditivity conditions known for bipartite and tripartite systems, and recently obtained for single qudit states. We present explicit matrix forms of the known and some new entropic inequalities associated with quantum states of composite and noncomposite systems. We discuss the tomographic probability distributions of qudit states and demonstrate the inequalities for tomographic entropies of the qudit states. In addition, we mention a possibility to use the discussed information properties of single qudit states in quantum technologies based on multilevel atoms and quantum circuits produced of Josephson junctions.
We discuss some inequalities for N nonnegative numbers. We use these inequalities to obtain known inequalities for probability distributions and new entropic and information inequalities for quantum tomograms of qudit states. The inequalities characterize the degree of quantum correlations in addition to noncontextuality and quantum discord. We use the subadditivity and strong subadditivity conditions for qudit tomographic-probability distributions depending on the unitary-group parameters in order to derive new inequalities for Shannon, Renyi, and Tsallis entropies of spin states.
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Different kinds of entropy associated with probability distribution functions characterizing the system state in classical and quantum domains are reviewed. Shannon entropy and R?nyi entropy are discussed. The notion of tomographic entropy determined by the probability distribution in the phase space of the classical system and by the density operator of the quantum system is considered. Inequalities for the tomographic entropies in classical and quantum domains are studied, and a difference in the form of these inequalities in corresponding domains is suggested as a test to clarify the classicality and quantumness of the system state in quantum optics experiments. A new bound for tomographic entropy (ln??e)?(?) depending on the local oscillator phase difference in homodyne photon detection experiments is discussed.