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Applied Physics Letters

Population inversions in atomic cesium in the cesium-fluorine reaction system

Lawrence H. Hall

Published Sep 15, 1975• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The chemiluminescence of the electronically excited cesium atom in the cesium-fluorine reaction system was analyzed to give relative excited-state populations. Pumping rates into each state have been calculated. The populations measured show 27 population inversions on optically allowed transitions.
DOI
10.1063/1.88466

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Optical pumping is a technique for engineering atomic-sublevel population of desired atoms. We investigate the population evolution of Cesium atoms by employing Liouville equation. For this purpose, we apply a circularly polarized light at a frequency suitable for electronic transition from ground states to excited states and calculate the relaxation rate, repopulation, and population evolution of the Cesium Zeeman sublevels. For engineering the sublevel population after optical pumping, we employ a radiofrequency (RF) field and consider the effect of RF field in Liouville equation. With this approach, we are able to prepare desired distribution of the population in the atomic sublevels with high efficiency, which can be employed in different optical experiments.
In this paper the optical pumping of a cesium beam is investigated. The rate equation model is used to calculate the population difference created by laser diode(s) illuminating the beam. The finite laser and atomic linewidths are taken into account in order to analyze leakage effects on neighboring transitions. One-laser and two-laser pumping is considered and the best-suited two-laser configurations for preparing the cesium atoms in a single mF{m}_{F}mF​=0 sublevel are specified. Experimental results on both the leakage effect and the population difference achieved agree with theoretical predictions.
Using stepwise excitation of the cesium 8S atoms level in Cs vapor,several collisional and radiative processes have been identified from the intensities and spectra of the Cs fluorescence.The 5D state was populated by 8S→7P→5D transitions.In cesium densities 1016-1017?cm-3,the energy pooling collisions 5D+5D→nL+6S(nL=9D,11S,7F are studied.Since the 5D→6P(3.0-3.6 μm) fluorescence could not be detected with this experiment,the EP rate coefficients have been measured relative to the known rate coefficient of the collision,i.e.,6P+5D→6S+7D.The excited-atom density and spatial distribution were mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counterpropagating single-mode laser beam,tuned to 6P3/2→8S1/2 transition,which could be translated parallel to the pump beam.The excited atom densities are combined with measured fluorescene ratios to determine cross sections for the cesium energy pooling process.The average values(in units of 10-10?cm3s-1) for nL=9D,11S and 7F are 8.4±4.2,7.3±3.6,and 9.7±4.8,respectively.Influence on k11S and k7F of the energy transfer process 11S+6S7F+6S is also dicussed.
We have observed a sudden reversal in the direction of population transfer between nearly degenerate Zeeman sublevels during optical pumping of the cesium 6S1/2{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}S1/2​(F=4)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6P3/2{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}P3/2​(F'=5) cycling transition. As a result of the reversal, the number of atoms in an atomic beam, with quantum numbers 6S1/2{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}S1/2​ (F=4; mF{\mathrm{m}}_{\mathit{F}}mF​=-4), is a function of laser frequency and has a sharp dispersive shape. A rate-equation model indicates that similar dispersive shapes for the population can be expected in the optical pumping of any nondegenerate system with more than two levels, if the level spacing is much smaller than the laser linewidth.
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