© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

Terms Privacy Legal Notice

Physical Review A

Quadratic fluctuation-dissipation theorem: The quantum domain

Gabor J. Kalman, Xiao-Yue Gu

Published Oct 1, 1987• 18 citations

Abstract

A derivation of a general relationship between the frequency- and wave-number-dependent longitudinal quadratic response functions and the three-point dynamical structure function (the Fourier transform of the equilibrium three-point density-density correlations) is presented. This relationship is the full quadratic equivalent, valid for quantum systems of arbitrary degeneracy, of the customary (linear) fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The high-temperature limit reproduces earlier classical results, while its zero-temperature limit is characterized by a piecewise analytic behavior in the (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$) plane, generated by the respective dominance of the differently ordered triplets of density operators. There are two main versions of the theorem. In the first the completely symmetrized combination of the three-point functions is expressed in terms on a ``triangle-symmetrized'' [in the (k\ensuremath{\omega}) space] combination of the response functions. In the second ``inverted'' form, each of the six differently ordered three-point functions is expressed in terms of combinations of response functions, where the triangle symmetry is broken.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.3399

Related papers

Analytical properties of the quadratic density response and quadratic dynamical structure functions: Conservation sum rules and frequency moments

J. M. Rommel, Gabor J. Kalman

The quadratic density response function and the quadratic dynamical structure function (the Fourier transform of the equilibrium three-point density correlations) contain important information about a many body system; they are also ingredients for an improved dynamical mean field theory for strongly coupled Fermi systems. We examine the analytic properties of the density response function and establish new single frequency and double frequency moment sum rules. We relate the sum rule coefficients to the high frequency expansion of the response function. Next we invoke the quadratic fluctuation-dissipation theorem to relate these frequency moments to weighted frequency moments of the dynamical structure function. These latter reduce to straight frequency moments in the high temperature classical and zero temperature degenerate limits. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics•Oct 1, 1996•17 citations

Generalized fluctuation-dissipation relation for quantum Markovian systems

Mohammad Mehboudi, Anna Sanpera, Juan M. R. Parrondo

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a central result in statistical physics, both for classical and quantum systems. It establishes a relationship between the linear response of a system under a time-dependent perturbation and time correlations of certain observables in equilibrium. Here we derive a generalization of the theorem which can be applied to any Markov quantum system and makes use of the symmetric logarithmic derivative (SLD). There are several important benefits from our approach. First, such a formulation clarifies the relation between classical and quantum versions of the equilibrium FDT. Second, and more important, it facilitates the extension of the FDT to arbitrary quantum Markovian evolutions, as given by quantum maps. Third, it brings out the full connection between the FDT and the Quantum Fisher information, the figure of merit in quantum metrology.

•May 10, 2017•0 citations

Theory of quadratic response

Gabor J. Kalman, J. M. Rommel

While the theory of linear response functions in many body theory has developed into a substantial lore over the past decades, rather little is known about the properties and behavior of higher order (quadratic, etc.) response functions of many body systems. In this poster we first review essential elements of quadratic response theory such as the quadratic fluctuation dissipation theorems and sum rules for the quadratic density response function. Next we show how the correlational local field G(k,ω) in the linear response is fundamentally linked to the quadratic response function which opens a way to a non-perturbational analysis of the former. We proceed to present the results of the explicit calculation of the quadratic density response of 2D and 3D electron gas. Both, real and imaginary part of the latter reveal an extremely rich behavior. Of particular interest is the comparison between the two- and the three-dimensional case.

Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings)•Mar 1, 2000•6 citations

Fluctuation-dissipation theorem for non-equilibrium quantum systems

Mohammad Mehboudi, Anna Sanpera, Juan M. R. Parrondo

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a central result in statistical physics, both for classical and quantum systems. It establishes a relationship between the linear response of a system under a time-dependent perturbation and time correlations of certain observables in equilibrium. Here we derive a generalization of the theorem which can be applied to any Markov quantum system and makes use of the symmetric logarithmic derivative (SLD). There are several important benefits from our approach. First, such a formulation clarifies the relation between classical and quantum versions of the equilibrium FDT. Second, and more important, it facilitates the extension of the FDT to arbitrary quantum Markovian evolution, as given by quantum maps. Third, it clarifies the connection between the FDT and quantum metrology in systems with a non-equilibrium steady state.

arXiv:1705.03968•Quantum•May 24, 2018•19 citations

Conservation sum rules for the quadratic density response function

Z. C. Tao, Gabor J. Kalman

The quadratic density response function has been shown to be determined by the three-point density correlations at equilibrium. Consequently, the conservation laws enjoyed by the density fluctuation are expected to have their manifestations in the quadratic density response function. New frequency-moment sum rules are established along these lines. We show that the lowest-order quadratic response function exhausts the quadratic equivalent of the f-sum rule.

Physical Review A•Nov 1, 1990•2 citations

Dissipation in nonlinear response

Laurent P. Lévy, Andrew T. Ogielski

It is shown that the measurable nonlinear susceptibilities of third and higher orders probe only a fraction of equilibrium fluctuations, and in general can give only lower bounds on the equilibrium correlation functions. This contrasts with the linear and quadratic response, which completely determines the corresponding correlations by general fluctuation–dissipation theorems. The exactly solvable one-dimensional kinetic Ising model illustrates which fluctuations give rise to dissipation; only two-magnon processes of short wavelength and opposite momenta contribute to the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities, while two- and three-magnon processes contribute to the corresponding equilibrium correlation functions.

Journal of Mathematical Physics•Mar 1, 1989•5 citations

A derivation of a general relationship between the frequency- and wave-number-dependent longitudinal quadratic response functions and the three-point dynamical structure function (the Fourier transform of the equilibrium three-point density-density correlations) is presented. This relationship is the full quadratic equivalent, valid for quantum systems of arbitrary degeneracy, of the customary (linear) fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The high-temperature limit reproduces earlier classical results, while its zero-temperature limit is characterized by a piecewise analytic behavior in the (

{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}

) plane, generated by the respective dominance of the differently ordered triplets of density operators. There are two main versions of the theorem. In the first the completely symmetrized combination of the three-point functions is expressed in terms on a triangle-symmetrized'' [in the (k\ensuremath{\omega}) space] combination of the response functions. In the second inverted'' form, each of the six differently ordered three-point functions is expressed in terms of combinations of response functions, where the triangle symmetry is broken.

The quadratic density response function and the quadratic dynamical structure function (the Fourier transform of the equilibrium three-point density correlations) contain important information about a many body system; they are also ingredients for an improved dynamical mean field theory for strongly coupled Fermi systems. We examine the analytic properties of the density response function and establish new single frequency and double frequency moment sum rules. We relate the sum rule coefficients to the high frequency expansion of the response function. Next we invoke the quadratic fluctuation-dissipation theorem to relate these frequency moments to weighted frequency moments of the dynamical structure function. These latter reduce to straight frequency moments in the high temperature classical and zero temperature degenerate limits. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a central result in statistical physics, both for classical and quantum systems. It establishes a relationship between the linear response of a system under a time-dependent perturbation and time correlations of certain observables in equilibrium. Here we derive a generalization of the theorem which can be applied to any Markov quantum system and makes use of the symmetric logarithmic derivative (SLD). There are several important benefits from our approach. First, such a formulation clarifies the relation between classical and quantum versions of the equilibrium FDT. Second, and more important, it facilitates the extension of the FDT to arbitrary quantum Markovian evolutions, as given by quantum maps. Third, it brings out the full connection between the FDT and the Quantum Fisher information, the figure of merit in quantum metrology.

While the theory of linear response functions in many body theory has developed into a substantial lore over the past decades, rather little is known about the properties and behavior of higher order (quadratic, etc.) response functions of many body systems. In this poster we first review essential elements of quadratic response theory such as the quadratic fluctuation dissipation theorems and sum rules for the quadratic density response function. Next we show how the correlational local field G(k,ω) in the linear response is fundamentally linked to the quadratic response function which opens a way to a non-perturbational analysis of the former. We proceed to present the results of the explicit calculation of the quadratic density response of 2D and 3D electron gas. Both, real and imaginary part of the latter reveal an extremely rich behavior. Of particular interest is the comparison between the two- and the three-dimensional case.

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is a central result in statistical physics, both for classical and quantum systems. It establishes a relationship between the linear response of a system under a time-dependent perturbation and time correlations of certain observables in equilibrium. Here we derive a generalization of the theorem which can be applied to any Markov quantum system and makes use of the symmetric logarithmic derivative (SLD). There are several important benefits from our approach. First, such a formulation clarifies the relation between classical and quantum versions of the equilibrium FDT. Second, and more important, it facilitates the extension of the FDT to arbitrary quantum Markovian evolution, as given by quantum maps. Third, it clarifies the connection between the FDT and quantum metrology in systems with a non-equilibrium steady state.

It is shown that the measurable nonlinear susceptibilities of third and higher orders probe only a fraction of equilibrium fluctuations, and in general can give only lower bounds on the equilibrium correlation functions. This contrasts with the linear and quadratic response, which completely determines the corresponding correlations by general fluctuation–dissipation theorems. The exactly solvable one-dimensional kinetic Ising model illustrates which fluctuations give rise to dissipation; only two-magnon processes of short wavelength and opposite momenta contribute to the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities, while two- and three-magnon processes contribute to the corresponding equilibrium correlation functions.