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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Towards controlling larger quantum systems: from laser cooling to quantum computing

Martin Weitz

Published Dec 1, 2000• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Laser-cooling techniques offer novel opportunities in the generation and manipulation of entangled quantum states. Atoms trapped in infrared mesoscopic optical lattices are presented as attractive candidates for both the production of highly entangled states and quantum logic experiments. Recent experimental work on the realization of such a lattice, based on atoms trapped in the antinodes of an infrared standing wave near 10.6 /spl mu/m, is reviewed. This culminates in the individual lattice sites being resolved with an optical microscope. Finally, with the aim of achieving greater control over molecules, a matter-wave interferometer is proposed, in which the probability for absorption of photon momenta depends on the particle velocity, rather than on the absolute laser detuning from a particular optical transition. This scheme has prospects for the laser cooling of both atoms and molecules.

DOI
10.1109/3.892553

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Laser-cooling techniques offer novel opportunities in the generation and manipulation of entangled quantum states. Atoms trapped in infrared mesoscopic optical lattices are presented as attractive candidates for both the production of highly entangled states and quantum logic experiments. Recent experimental work on the realization of such a lattice, based on atoms trapped in the antinodes of an infrared standing wave near 10.6 /spl mu/m, is reviewed. This culminates in the individual lattice sites being resolved with an optical microscope. Finally, with the aim of achieving greater control over molecules, a matter-wave interferometer is proposed, in which the probability for absorption of photon momenta depends on the particle velocity, rather than on the absolute laser detuning from a particular optical transition. This scheme has prospects for the laser cooling of both atoms and molecules.
A complete laser cooling setup was built, with focus on threedimensional near-resonant optical lattices for cesium. These consist of regularly ordered micropotentials, created by the interference of four laser beams. One key feature of optical lattices is an inherent ”Sisyphus cooling” process. It efficiently extracts kinetic energy from the atoms, leading to equilibrium temperatures of a few µK. The corresponding kinetic energy is lower than the depth of the potential wells, so that atoms can be trapped. We performed detailed studies of the cooling processes in optical lattices by using the time-of-flight and absorption-imaging techniques. We investigated the dependence of the equilibrium temperature on the optical lattice parameters, such as detuning, optical potential and lattice geometry. The presence of neighbouring transitions in the cesium hyperfine level structure was used to break symmetries in order to identify, which role “red” and “blue” transitions play in the cooling. We also examined the limits for the cooling process in optical lattices, and the possible difference in steady-state velocity distributions for different directions. Moreover, in collaboration with ´Ecole Normale Sup´erieure in Paris, numerical simulations were performed in order to get more insight in the cooling dynamics of optical lattices. Optical lattices can keep atoms almost perfectly isolated from the environment and have therefore been suggested as a platform for a host of possible experiments aimed at coherent quantum manipulations, such as spin-squeezing and the implementation of quantum logic-gates. We developed a novel way to trap two different cesium ground states in two distinct, interpenetrating optical lattices, and to change the distance between sites of one lattice relative to sites of the other lattice. This is a first step towards the implementation of quantum simulation schemes in optical lattices.
Recently developed techniques for quantum computation using trapped ions allow precise coherent control of the internal and external states of single atoms. Here we report how these techniques can be employed to perform precision spectroscopy of atomic and molecular ions that lack accessible transitions for laser cooling and detection. Furthermore, we discuss how quantum logic can be used to laser‐cool molecules to near their rotational and vibrational ground state by avoiding detrimental spontaneous emission of photons from the molecule.
With the rapid development of the laser cooling techniques, we can realize coherent quantum state manipulation of atoms. Invaluable results, such as topological phase transitions with artificial gauge fields, phase transitions induced by many body interaction, the atomic fountain frequency standard, the gravity constant using an interferometer, the magic wave optical lattice frequency standard, the cold ion frequency standard and the cold atom gravimeter and gyroscope results, have been obtained with respect to various applications, including quantum phase transitions, simulation of the novel quantum states, and precise measurement of the cold atoms. The laser cooling techniques frequently break the previous accuracy records; thus, they are gradually setting the new quantum measurement standards. In addition, some of these techniques play vital roles in geological prospecting and national defense. In this review, we will focus on the novel quantum states induced by laser cooling and the corresponding phase transitions as well as the optical detection and manipulation of the quantum phases. To be specific, the energy spectrum in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with spin-orbital angular momentum coupling is discrete, and a first-order phase transition can be observed between the states having different angular momentums. We investigated the topological phase transitions induced by the many-body interactions, in which we observed that when using different filling numbers and interactions, topological phase transitions can be observed in a hexagonal optical lattice with high orbitals and different topological states can be indexed using the Chern numbers. Further, based on our investigation, we observed the occurence of a quantum phase transition between the novel superfluid states, i.e., the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov superfluid states to the Sarma superfluid states, owing to the imbalanced Feshbach resonance. Finally, we developed methods to measure the optical spectrum of the nP Rydberg states of the 87Rb atoms and detect the quantum states in optical lattices; in addition, we constructed a multicomponent BEC interferometer.
Neutral atoms offer a promising platform for single- and many-body quantum control, as required for quantum information processing. This includes excellent isolation from the decohering influence of the environment, and the existence of well developed techniques for atom trapping and coherent manipulation. We present a review of our work to implement quantum control and measurement for ultra-cold atoms in far-off-resonance optical lattice traps. In recent experiments we have demonstrated coherent behavior of mesoscopic atomic spinor wavepackets in optical double-well potentials, and carried out quantum state tomography to reconstruct the full density matrix for the atomic spin degrees of freedom. This model system shares a number of important features with proposals to implement quantum logic and quantum computing in optical lattices. We present a theoretical analysis of a protocol for universal quantum logic via single qubit operations and an entangling gate based on electric dipole-dipole interactions. Detailed calculations including the full atomic hyperfine structure suggests that high-fidelity quantum gates are possible under realistic experimental conditions.