Relation between strongly correlated electronic systems and anyonlike systems is established. A U(1) gauge theory is developed for the frustrated Hubbard model in the limit of infinite on-site Coulomb repulsion. An effective Chern-Simons theory, which describes chiral spin liquids is obtained. The fermions (holes) are coupled to the gauge fields creating thus an anyonlike system. I show that under some circumstances the system is a superconductor for special value of the hole density.
Relation between strongly correlated electronic systems and anyonlike systems is established. A U(1) gauge theory is developed for the frustrated Hubbard model in the limit of infinite on-site Coulomb repulsion. An effective Chern-Simons theory, which describes chiral spin liquids is obtained. The fermions (holes) are coupled to the gauge fields creating thus an anyonlike system. I show that under some circumstances the system is a superconductor for special value of the hole density.
In this thesis, symmetry and related transformation laws under a suitable unitary transformation are used in the study of the superconducting and magnetic properties of strongly correlated electronic systems. Such a study profits from a recently found global SO(3)×SO(3)×U(1) = [SO(4)×U(1)]/Z2 symmetry in the Hubbard model on a bipartite lattice. The introduction of the square-lattice quantum liquid relies on a general description of the Hubbard model consistent with its exact global SO(3) × SO(3) × U(1) symmetry. Such a quantum liquid is expected to play the same role for many-electron problems with short-range interactions on a square lattice, as a Fermi liquid for three-dimensional isotropic metals. It refers to the Hubbard model on the square lattice in the subspace spanned by the ground state, and the excited states generated by application onto it of one- and two-electron operators. For such a square-lattice quantum liquid only the charge c fermions and spin-neutral two-spinon s1 fermions play an active role. Part of the studies of this thesis use an effective superconductivity theory according to which, for zero spin density m = 0 and the range 0 < x < x∗ of finite hole concentrations of a short-range spin ordered phase, the ground state of the square-lattice quantum liquid of c and s1 fermions with residual interactions is superconducting. (For U/4t > ui ≈ 3/4 the critical hole concentration x∗ increases continuously upon increasing the U/4t value from x∗ = 1/√2 ≈ 0.225 at U/4t = ui to x∗ = 1/ ≈ 0.318 for U/4t → ∞.) Superconductivity emerges naturally from the effects of the residual interactions of the c and s1 fermions and as a side product of the short-range spin correlations. The phase of the c fermion pairs reads = 0 + 1 where the fluctuations of the phases 0 and 1 become large for x → 0 and x → x∗, respectively. For 0 < x < x∗ and x = 0, the symmetry of the action for the phase is a global superconducting U(1) symmetry and a local compact gauge symmetry, respectively. The former U(1) symmetry is identified with the U(1) symmetry of the Hubbard-model global SO(3) × SO(3) × U(1) = [SO(4) × U(1)]/Z2 symmetry. The amplitudes g = g0 g1, g0 = |heiθ0i|, and g1 = |heiθ1i|, their zero-temperature values ˘g ≈ (x/x∗)(1−x/x∗), ˘g0 ≈ (x/x∗), and ˘g1 ≈ (1−x/x∗) and the fluctuations of the phase , play an important role in the physics of the square-lattice quantum liquid. Together with the energy scale 2 0, which gives the maximum magnitude of the s1 fermion spinon pairing energy, they fully control the order parameters of both the short-range spin and long-range superconducting correlations. Indeed, for temperatures T < Tc, the short-range spin ordered phase has both a macroscopic quantum phase-coherent pair superconducting order so that |heiθi| > 0, and a short-range spin order, whereas for Tc < T < T∗ only the latter order prevails yet there remain c fermion pairing correlations such that |heiθ1i| > 0 but heiθ0i = 0. Here the critical temperature Tc and the crossover pseudogap temperature T∗ are fully controlled by the absolute value of the order parameters of the two above orders, respectively. However, the square-lattice quantum liquid alone does not describe quantitatively the unusual properties of the hole-doped cuprates. To fulfill such a goal we profit from a suitable theory according to which the interplay of electronic correlations described by the square-lattice quantum liquid of charge c fermions and spin-neutral two-spinon s1 fermions with intrinsic disorder, is behind the unusual properties of the holedoped hight-temperature cuprate superconductors. By profiting from such an interplay, an excellent quantitative agreement with experiments for the physical quantities of several families of hole-doped cuprates is reached. That includes universal properties such as a dome-like critical-temperature hole-concentration dependence and normal-state linear-T resistivity near optimal doping, extending over a wide temperature window. The results confirm a coexisting two-gap scenario associated with an incoherent two-spinon pairing and a coherent twoc- fermion pairing, respectively. While most of our studies focus on the superconducting and magnetic properties of the square-lattice quantum liquid associated with the Hubbard model on the square lattice, the magnetic properties of a related model – the periodic Anderson model – are also addressed, on the cubic lattice.
This review gives a rather general discussion of high temperature superconductors as an example of a strongly correlated material. The argument is made that in view of the many examples of unconventional superconductors discovered in the past twenty years, we should no longer be surprised that superconductivity emerges as a highly competitive ground state in systems where Coulomb repulsion plays a dominant role. The physics of the cuprates is discussed, emphasizing the unusual pseudogap phase in the underdoped region. It is argued that the resonating valence bond picture, as formulated using gauge theory with fermionic and bosonic matter fields, gives an adequate physical understanding, even though many details are beyond the powers of current calculational tools. The recent discovery of quantum oscillations in a high magnetic field is discussed in this context. Meanwhile, the problem of the quantum spin liquid (a spin system with antiferromagnetic coupling which refuses to order even at zero temperature) is a somewhat simpler version of the high T c problem where significant progress has been made recently. It is understood that the existence of matter fields can lead to deconfinement of the U (1) gauge theory in 2 + 1 dimensions, and novel new particles (called fractionalized particles), such as fermionic spinons which carry spin and no charge, and gapless gauge bosons can emerge to create a new critical state at low energies. We even have a couple of real materials where such a scenario may be realized experimentally. The paper ends with answers to questions such as: What limits T c if pairing is driven by an electronic energy scale? Why is the high T c problem hard? Why is there no consensus? And why is the high T c problem important?
Superconductivity in the strongly correlated electronic systems described by the Hubbard model for slightly less than half-filled band is shown to arise from the condensation of charge + e holons which are bosons. The holon effective mass is found to be very close to that of the band electrons and they have a strong nearest neighbour repulsion induced by the spin fluctuations. They interact with an U(1) part of the collective SU(2) gauge field (named S-gauge field) of the spin system. This results in spontaneous symmetry breaking of the holon field and the appearance of the Anderson-Higgs phenomenon. The interesting possibility of the SU(2) gauge field-spinon coupled system retaining some gapless excitation spectrum inspite of the spontaneous symmetry breaking in the holon field is pointed out.
Demonstrating superconductivity in purely repulsive Hubbard models is a compelling goal which underscores the counter-intuitive ability of Coulomb interactions to mediate superconductivity. Here, we present numerical evidence for robust superconductivity in a triangular Hubbard-Hofstadter model at π/2 flux per plaquette. Employing infinite density matrix renormalization group calculations on infinite cylinders of finite circumference, we observe superconducting ground states for a wide range of dopings, whose pair-correlations strengthen as the 2D limit is approached. At a density of one electron per site, Hubbard interactions have been reported to drive the insulating parent state of the superconductor from an integer quantum Hall (IQH) state to a chiral spin liquid (CSL). Our findings give credence to a recent proposal that proximity to the IQH-CSL transition serves to make chiral superconductivity energetically favorable on doping, and also correctly predicts the nature of the edge modes in the superconductor. On the CSL side, this suggests the superconductor can be thought of as arising from Laughlin's `anyon superconductivity' mechanism. Thus the Hubbard-Hofstadter model studied here offers a clean and experimentally accessible setup, potentially realizable in moiré heterostructures, for exploring the properties of anyonic matter at finite density and the interplay of topological order, quantum criticality and superconductivity.
We study a model of strongly-correlated systems that incorporates phases such as Fermi liquids, non-Fermi liquids, and superconductivity, in addition to potential intertwined orders. The model describes Fermi surfaces of spinful electron gas or electron liquid coupled to bosons via an intermediate gauge field. Effectively, the coupling imposes constraints and interactions between the fermion spin and the local boson density. This grants the bosons the meaning as the Schwinger boson of the magnetic order and allows us to probe a larger phase space, rather than around the quantum critical point. We design the initial model so that after the boson and gauge fields are integrated out exactly, the resulting fermion-only effective theory only consists of several local interactions, allowing controlled weak-coupling interpretation for certain parameter regions. Consequently, we find a non-Fermi liquid whose degrees of freedom in the effective theory take the form of an \emph{emergent} Fermi surface that has a different Luttinger volume from the original fermions, therefore explicitly violates the Luttinger theorem. Further, this allows a d-wave superconducting instability if the effective interacting induced by boson coupling is in the relevant pairing channel. When the emergent Fermi surface undergoes a Lifshitz transition, the carrier type changes. In addition, we attribute the Mott insulating behavior in the strong coupling limit to the loss of emergent Fermi surface and argue the possibility of coexisting magnetic order. Our effective theory also suggests the possibility of charge density waves as a consequence of \emph{effective} strong repulsion and is independent of the Fermi-surface-nesting scenario. We discuss the possible optimal conditions for higher superconducting transition temperature and potential relevances and implications for realistic materials.
New insights into the strongly correlated Fermi liquid state of the SU(N) infinite-U Hubbard and t-J models are presented in connection to the metallic state of unbroken symmetry of the copper oxide planes. The nature of single particle and collective excitations is analyzed and the Landau Fermi Liquid parameters are derived. The one-particle spectral function in the Hubbard valence band is obtained with both Hubbard and Gutzwiller-like features. A simple interpretation of the large incoherent background is given in terms of a superposition of quasiparticles and a collective mode describing the propagation of a bare hole in a large U system. The spin exchange interactions produce very low lying collective modes describing the propagation of staggered spin chirality which soften at incommensurate wavevectors. The quasiparticles are strongly scattered by the low lying chirality fluctuations resulting in deviations from canonical Fermi liquid behavior at low energy scales. Of the same origin, the quasiparticle self energy is found to be strongly k-dependent. It leads to corrections to the dispersion and enhancement of the quasiparticle lifetime in the hole-like region of the interacting Fermi surface. The combined effects are sufficient to produce a sign change in the Hall coefficient evaluated for parameters relevant to the copper oxide planes. We show that these models also exhibit a zero temperature fluctuation driven transition from Fermi liquid to non Fermi liquid phase without the onset of magnetic ordering below a critical doping δc=1/4N, whereby providing a microscopic mechanism for the destruction of the Fermi liquid coherence by strong longitudinal gauge fluctuations which represent the effects of the infinite-U constraint.