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Physical Review A

Electromagnetic-field quantization in absorbing confined systems

Omar Di Stefano, Salvatore Savasta, R. Girlanda

Published Aug 1, 1999• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We quantize the electromagnetic field in an absorbing resonant medium with translation symmetry broken along one direction. In this case the general polarization of the material system is driven by the field via a nonlocal complex susceptibility. We extend recently developed schemes for field quantization in absorbing dielectric media with local susceptibilities to dielectric systems described by a nonlocal susceptibility. Dissipation inside the medium is described by considering the coupling of polarization quanta of the system with the reservoir oscillators in the usual Langevin approach. The method is applied to the case of a semiconductor quantum well embedded in infinite barriers. Expressions for the electromagnetic-field operators are obtained in the different spatial regions and the spatial and frequency dependencies of the vacuum-field fluctuations are calculated.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.60.1614

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We quantize the electromagnetic field in an absorbing resonant medium with translation symmetry broken along one direction. In this case the general polarization of the material system is driven by the field via a nonlocal complex susceptibility. We extend recently developed schemes for field quantization in absorbing dielectric media with local susceptibilities to dielectric systems described by a nonlocal susceptibility. Dissipation inside the medium is described by considering the coupling of polarization quanta of the system with the reservoir oscillators in the usual Langevin approach. The method is applied to the case of a semiconductor quantum well embedded in infinite barriers. Expressions for the electromagnetic-field operators are obtained in the different spatial regions and the spatial and frequency dependencies of the vacuum-field fluctuations are calculated.
We present a microscopic quantization scheme for the electromagnetic field in dispersive and lossy dielectrics of arbitrary geometry. This method also describes anisotropic media and media driven by light field via a spatially nonlocal permittivity. The method removes the need for complicated diagonalization of material, reservoir and field variables and allows us to include the effect of all the material excitations. Dissipation inside the medium is described by considering the coupling of the polarization quanta of the system with the reservoir oscillators in the usual Langevin approach.
The electromagnetic field is quantized in dielectric media that show both loss and dispersion. The complex dielectric function of the medium is assumed to be a known function and the loss is modeled by Langevin forces in the forms of noise current operators. The noise current correlation function is related to the assumed dielectric function by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Field quantization is carried out for the infinite homogeneous dielectric, the semi-infinite dielectric, and the dielectric slab, where the fields in the second and third cases are restricted to propagation perpendicular to the dielectric surfaces. The forms of the vector potential operator are obtained in the different spatial regions for all three geometries, and in each case the required canonical commutation relation for the vector potential and its conjugate generalized momentum operator is verified. The spatial dependence of the vacuum field fluctuations is calculated for the two dielectric geometries that have surfaces.
A quantization scheme for the electromagnetic field in absorbing dielectrics developed previously is extended to cover more complicated arrangements of dielectric media and to investigate various limiting cases of the general formalism. The limiting cases include media that have vanishing imaginary parts in their dielectric functions, because either the refractive index or the extinction coefficient vanishes. The further limit of a unit real dielectric function establishes the connection of the formalism with the well-known quantized field expressions in free space. Detailed calculations are presented for the quantization in the system of two different absorbing dielectrics in contact at a plane interface and for the cavity formed in the free space between two separated absorbing dielectrics. The forms of the field operators are determined for both systems, the canonical commutation relations are verified, and the spectra of the vacuum field fluctuations are calculated and illustrated. The calculations are restricted throughout to fields that propagate perpendicular to the dielectric interfaces. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
We extend recently developed schemes for field quantization in absorbing dielectric media with local susceptibilities to dielectric systems described by a nonlocal susceptibility, in order to quantize the electromagnetic field in quantum wells embedded in planar semiconductor microcavities. As an application of the formalism, we analyze the effects of the propagation through a semiconductor microcavity on a continuous-mode squeezed coherent state. In particular, we calculate the variance of the field transmitted through the microcavity in the case of strong coupling regime for different detection schemes, as a function of the detuning, the exciton–photon coupling and the exciton homogeneous broadening.
After giving an outline of the quantization scheme based on the microscopic Hopfield model of a dielectric bulk material, we show how the classical phenomenological Maxwell equations of the electromagnetic field in the presence of dielectric matter of given space- and frequency-dependent complex permittivity can be transferred to quantum theory. Including in the theory the interaction of the medium-assisted field with atomic systems, we present both the minimal-coupling Hamiltonian and the multipolar-coupling Hamiltonian in the Coulomb gauge. To illustrate the concept, we discuss the input--output relations of radiation and the transformation of radiation-field quantum states at absorbing four-port devices, and the spontaneous decay of an excited atom near the surface of an absorbing body and in a spherical micro-cavity with intrinsic material losses. Finally, we give an extension of the quantization scheme to other media such as amplifying media, magnetic media, and nonlinear media.