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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Transformation Having Applications in Quantum Mechanics

H. Heffner, W. H. Louisell

Published Mar 1, 1965• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By properly ordering functions of noncommuting operators, a one-to-one transformation between operator functions and corresponding functions of commuting algebraic variables can be made. With this transformation, boson operator equations such as the Schrödinger equation can be converted to differential equations for the transformed functions, the resulting equations containing solely commuting variables. Once the solution to the transformed equation is obtained, the inverse transformation may be applied to yield the solution to the original operator equation. The method is extended to include angular momentum operators.

DOI
10.1063/1.1704297

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By properly ordering functions of noncommuting operators, a one-to-one transformation between operator functions and corresponding functions of commuting algebraic variables can be made. With this transformation, boson operator equations such as the Schrödinger equation can be converted to differential equations for the transformed functions, the resulting equations containing solely commuting variables. Once the solution to the transformed equation is obtained, the inverse transformation may be applied to yield the solution to the original operator equation. The method is extended to include angular momentum operators.
A new mathematical method is established to represent the operator, wave functions and square matrix in the same representation. We can obtain the specific square matrices corresponding to the angular momentum and Runge-Lenz vector operators with invoking assistance from the operator relations and the orthonormal wave functions. Furthermore, the first-order differential equations will be given to deduce the specific wave functions without using the solution of the second order Schrodinger equation. As a result, we will unify the descriptions of the matrix mechanics and the wave mechanics on hydrogen atom. By using matrix transformations, we will also deduce the specific matrix representations of the operators in the SO (4,2) group.
A generalization of the procedures of Weyl and McCoy for making transition from a classical function to a quantum-mechanical operator function corresponding to it has been carried out, in order to include terms involving more than one pair of conjugate variables. An application of the method is made to the case of two spinless interacting charges---the Darwin interaction. This result is verified by solving directly for the quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian operator, starting from equations which were derived from the classical equations by replacing the classical Poisson brackets by commutators and by requiring the equality of the energy and the Hamiltonian operator. An alternative expression for a quantized Hamiltonian, derived in the Appendix, reduces to the form given originally by Born and Jordan for a single set of conjugate variables.
A comprehensive study is presented on the Weyl-Wigner formalism for rotation-angle and angular-momentum variables: the elements of kinematics are extended, the elements of dynamics are established, and the implications of rotational perodicity and angular-momentum quantization are investigated. Particular attention is paid to discreteness, and two of its consequences are emphasized: the importance of evenness and oddness, and the need to use two difference operators in a discrete domain, whereas one differential operator suffices in a continuous domain. These consequences are shown to strongly distinguish the Weyl-Wigner formalism for rotation-angle and angular-momentum variables from the well-known Weyl-Wigner formalism for Cartesian-position and linear-momentum variables. The point is made clear that the first of these formalisms cannot be regarded as a trivial and straightforward extension of the second. The rotational Wigner function is derived as the only bilinear form of the state vector that is real, has the natural invariances for rotational motion, and yields the correct distributions for the rotation-angle and angular-momentum variables as well as the appropriate expression for the transition probability between states. The conditions for its uniqueness are thus established. Its properties are described in detail and, in particular, its uniform boundedness is demonstrated. The rotational Wigner function and the associated correspondence between quantum operators and classical-like functions, as well as the relations they obey, are explored and are written so as to clearly exhibit the distinct contributions of evenness and oddness in the discrete domain of the angular-momentum eigenvalues, thus providing a most natural way to account for periodicity.Using the derivative, which acts on the continuous rotation-angle variable, and the forward and backward differences, which act on the discrete angular-momentum variable, the equation of motion for the rotational Wigner function is established. This equation is detailed for the following Hamiltonian forms: those that depend only on the angular-momentum variable, including, in particular, the free rotator, and those that are in the cosine of the rotation-angle variable. It is verified that the Weyl-Wigner formalism for rotation-angle and angular-momentum variables has the correct nonperiodic limit and that it properly reduces to the Weyl-Wigner formalism for Cartesian-position and linear-momentum variables. In order to illustrate the formalism, a careful analysis is carried out for the rotational Wigner function representing the energy eigenstates of a hindered rotator whose Hamiltonian is the sum of a term in the absolute value of the angular-momentum variable with a term in the cosine of the rotation-angle variable. For this hindered rotator, and within the approximation of a large absolute value of the angular-momentum variable, the equation of motion for the rotational Wigner function is solved for its stationary solutions, and the time-independent Schr\"odinger equation is also solved.