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Annales de Physique

Atomic stabilization through electronic and nuclear polarization

Daniel Kleppner

Published Jan 1, 1985• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Some years ago Kastler pointed out that the equilibrium constant for alkali metal atom dimer formation could be suppressed by polarizing the electrons so that the atoms interacted via the weak triplet potential. That basic idea has now been realized with atomic hydrogen, but using a polarization technique involving high magnetic fields and low temperature rather than optical pumping. By achieving high polarization, the gas can be stabilized at densities a few seconds over 10^18 atoms cm-3, and for minutes or hours at lower densities.

DOI
10.1051/anphys:01985001006087700

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Some years ago Kastler pointed out that the equilibrium constant for alkali metal atom dimer formation could be suppressed by polarizing the electrons so that the atoms interacted via the weak triplet potential. That basic idea has now been realized with atomic hydrogen, but using a polarization technique involving high magnetic fields and low temperature rather than optical pumping. By achieving high polarization, the gas can be stabilized at densities a few seconds over 10^18 atoms cm-3, and for minutes or hours at lower densities.
Relaxation time constants of electron polarization, 〈Sz〉, for optically pumped rubidium atoms in a drifilm coated glass cell have been investigated with the Faraday rotation method. The dependence of the 〈Sz〉 relaxation time on pump cell temperature, rubidium density and applied magnetic field has been determined with high precision. The measurements allow the determination of the local magnetic field on the surface, alkali-wall binding energy and wall-dwell time. Furthermore, the change of relaxation time caused by admixtures of molecular hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen has been investigated. No influence due to the addition of hydrogen could be detected up to a density of 3.3×1014 cm−3 at typical rubidium densities of several 1011 cm−3. The cross section for depolarizing collisons with molecular oxygen has been determined to be 7.50×10−15 cm2. The corresponding cross section for nitrogen was found to be two orders of magnitude lower. The experimental results are discussed in respect to the performance of spin exchange sources for nuclear polarized hydrogen and deuterium.
Self-compensated comagnetometers, employing overlapping samples of spin-polarized alkali and noble gases (for example K-3He{}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He) are promising sensors for exotic beyond-the-standard-model fields and high-precision metrology such as rotation sensing. When the comagnetometer operates in the so-called self-compensated regime, the effective field, originating from contact interactions between the alkali valence electrons and the noble-gas nuclei, is compensated with an applied magnetic field. When the comagnetometer begins operation in a given magnetic field, spin-exchange optical pumping establishes an equilibrium between the alkali electron-spin polarization and the nuclear-spin polarization. Subsequently, when the magnetic field is tuned to the compensation point, the spin polarization is brought out of the equilibrium conditions. This causes a practical issue for long measurement times. We report on a method for closed-loop control of the compensation field. This method allows optimization of the operating parameters, especially magnetic field gradients, in spite of the inherently slow (hours to days) dynamics of the system. With the optimization, higher stable nuclear polarization, longer relaxation times, and stronger electron-nuclear coupling are achieved which is useful for nuclear-spin-based quantum memory, spin amplifiers, and gyroscopes. The optimized sensor demonstrates a sensitivity comparable to the best previous comagnetometer but with four times lower noble-gas density. This paves the way for applications in both fundamental and applied science.