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Applied Physics B

Atom-density distribution in a metal vapor cell studied by third-harmonic generation

М. К. Кодиров, A. K. Popov, Vitaliy V. Slabko, Vladimir Z. Yakhnin

Published Jan 1, 1988• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf00692341

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The density-matrix formalism is used to develop the theory of two-photon-resonant third-harmonic generation in metal vapors taking into account saturation, ionization, laser-induced Stark shifts, and variations in the wave-vector mismatch as a result of population redistribution. It is shown that for third-harmonic generation in the ultraviolet and the vacuum-ultraviolet regions, where $3\ensuremath{\omega}$ exceeds the ionization limit of the metal vapor, two-photon-resonant three-photon ionization will be the main limiting process. This will also be true for four-wave parametric processes. For efficient energy conversion, the two-photon-resonant metal vapor must be phase matchable to allow large vapor density and cell length. Otherwise, the low incident intensity limits, set by the saturation and the ionization effects, cannot be efficiently converted in only one coherence length. The theory is applied to two-photon-resonant tripling of the ruby laser in cesium vapor.
Alkali metal atomic cells are crucial components of atomic instruments, such as atomic magnetometers, atomic gyroscopes, and atomic clocks. A highly uniform and stable heating structure can ensure the stability of the alkali metal atom density. The vapor cell of an atomic magnetometer that uses laser heating has no magnetic field interference and ease of miniaturization, making it superior to hot air heating and AC electric heating. However, the current laser heating structure suffers from low heating efficiency and uneven temperature distribution inside the vapor cell. In this paper, we designed a non-magnetic heating structure based on the laser heating principle. We studied the temperature distribution of the heating structure using the finite element method (FEM) and analyzed the conversion and transfer of laser energy. We found that the heat conduction between the vapor cell and the heating chips (colored filters) is poor, resulting in uneven temperature distribution and low heating efficiency in the vapor cell. Therefore, the addition of graphite film to the four surfaces of the vapor cell was an important improvement. This addition helped to balance the temperature distribution and improve the conduction efficiency of the heating structure. It was measured that the power of the heating laser remained unchanged. After the addition of the graphite film, the temperature difference coefficient (CVT) used to evaluate the internal temperature uniformity of the vapor cell was reduced from 0.1308 to 0.0426. This research paper is crucial for improving the heating efficiency of the non-magnetic heating structure and the temperature uniformity of the vapor cell.