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Progress of Theoretical Physics

Hamiltonian Formalism for Systems Including Grassmann Numbers and Canonical Quantization by Feynman Path-Integral with Constraints

Yoshimasa Nakano

Published Feb 1, 1980• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Hamiltonian formalism for systems with both c-numbers and Grassmann numbers developed by Casalbuoni is re-investigated to be pointed out that the invariance properties of the canonical transformation work also in cases of general potential. Following the quantization procedures of Dirac and Faddeev, a form of Feynman path-integral with constraints for boson-fermion systems is presented.

DOI
10.1143/ptp.63.599

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Hamiltonian formalism for systems with both c-numbers and Grassmann numbers developed by Casalbuoni is re-investigated to be pointed out that the invariance properties of the canonical transformation work also in cases of general potential. Following the quantization procedures of Dirac and Faddeev, a form of Feynman path-integral with constraints for boson-fermion systems is presented.
The concept of constrained Hamiltonian dynamical systems and their quantization, introduced by Dirac, constitutes one of the most fundamental contributions to the development of the canonical formalism in recent times. Dirac’s concepts were later incorporated into the path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics by Faddeev, which played an important role in understanding some subtle aspects in the quantization of non-Abelian gauge theory. An example is given from nonrelativistic quantum mechanics which illustrates the formalism through simple analogy.
A classical theory for many-fermion system is presented in the canonical form by introducing the ordinary and the Grassmann variables, the number of which exceeds “apparently” the original one. The basic idea is a translation of a theory proposed by the present authors for the case of the particle-hole pairs to the case of the Hartree-Bogoliubov type pairs. Certain constraints governing the variables are introduced and the double counting in the number of the degrees of freedom concerning the extra variables can be avoided. The quantization is performed with the aid of the Dirac bracket to take account of the constraints. It is shown that final result is completely identical with the compact form of the boson expansion given by Marshalek.
The Hamiltonian treatment of constrained systems in Gu¨ler′sG\ddot{u}ler'sGu¨ler′s formalism leads us to the total differential equations in many variables. These equations are integrable if the corresponding system of partial differential equations is a Jacobi system. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the quantization of the finite dimensional systems with constraints using the canonical formalism introduced by Gu¨lerG\ddot{u}lerGu¨ler. This approach is applied for two systems with constraints and the results are in agreement with those obtained by Dirac's canonical quatization method and path integral quantization method.
This chapter introduces the holomorphic representation of quantum mechanics, because it allows a study of the properties of boson systems both from the point of view of evolution and of quantum statistical physics (in the so-called second quantization formalism). Path integrals then take the form of integrals over trajectories in phase space in a complex parametrization. A parallel formalism, based on integration over anti-commuting type or Grassmann variables, makes it possible to handle fermions in a way quite analogous to bosons. The corresponding path integral representation of the statistical operator is then derived. The holomorphic formalism is specially well adapted to a study of the harmonic oscillator and, more generally, of perturbed harmonic oscillators. As an illustration, the formalism is applied to the Bose-Einstein condensation. This chapter also considers complex integrals and Wick's theorem, kernel of operators, general Hamiltonians, partition function, and the quantum Bose gas.
This thesis is concerned with the properties of dynamical systems with Hamiltonians which are general quadratic combinations of classical or quantum canonical variables or of Boson or Fermion annihilation and creation operators.Chapter I, consisting of six sections, deals mainly with sets of canonical forms for quadratic Hamiltonians under the action of the group of linear canonical transformations.By viewing the group of C.C.R.Bogoliubov transformations as Sp(2tf, i?) , a full set of canonical Boson Hamiltonians, labelled by the invariants for symplectic conjugacy classes, is obtained.Since the conjugacy class of a real orthogonal matrix is determined by its eigenvalues, there is only one type of canonical form for quadratic Fermion Hamiltonians.Unlike the Fermion case, indefinite Boson Hamiltonians can not in general be reduced to a sum of quasi-particle number operators.However, it is shown how spectral theory in Krein space rigorizes the full reduction of a strictly positive quadratic Boson Hamiltonian for which the single particle space is infinite dimensional.In the case of infinite degrees of freedom, there are various existence criteria for a unitary operator which implements a given Bogoliubov transformation and the equivalence of these is discussed in Section 6.Cahpter II, consisting of seven sections, applies the techniques of Chapter I to algebraic quantization.The Boson commutation relations , among formal mode operators obtained in heuristic quantization, are shown to be incompatible with the canonical commutation relations among conjugate variables unless the motion is stable.Segal quantization of any real