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International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications

Integrated solid circuits for quantum computing

Hideaki Matsueda

Published Jan 1, 2001• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recent progress in nanometre structure and measurements is going to provide us with the freedom to domesticate fast correlations between atoms in an ensemble, manifesting them at macroscopic level. So we propose a prospective model of a solid state integrated circuit for quantum computation, based on our coherence generating dynamic dipole–dipole interaction theory. In this model, each qubit is a block consisting of an ensemble of quantum dots, and the energetics of which suggests stability up to room temperature. Moreover, a quantum controlled–controlled not (CCN) gate of the block structure is given as an essential unit. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the quantum entangled pure states, which is crucial for the execution of the quantum super-parallelism, is illustrated for the proposed quantum CCN gate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI
10.1002/1097-007x(200101/02)29:1<107::aid-cta136>3.0.co;2-1

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Optical quantum gates with semiconductor nanostructures

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An all optical implementation of quantum information processing with semiconductor macroatoms is presented. Our quantum hardware consists of an array of semiconductor quantum dots and the computational degrees of freedom, i.e. the qubits, are energy-selected interband optical transitions. The proposed quantum-computing scheme exploits exciton–exciton interactions driven by ultrafast sequences of multi-colour laser pulses. Contrary to existing proposals based on charge excitations, the present all-optical implementation does not require the application of time-dependent electric fields, thus allowing for a sub-picosecond, i.e. decoherence-free, operation time-scale in realistic state-of-the-art semiconductor nanostructures. Moreover, the fully-optical character of the proposed gating scheme makes it an ideal candidate for the realization of all-optical computing networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications•Jan 1, 2001•1 citation
Recent progress in nanometre structure and measurements is going to provide us with the freedom to domesticate fast correlations between atoms in an ensemble, manifesting them at macroscopic level. So we propose a prospective model of a solid state integrated circuit for quantum computation, based on our coherence generating dynamic dipole–dipole interaction theory. In this model, each qubit is a block consisting of an ensemble of quantum dots, and the energetics of which suggests stability up to room temperature. Moreover, a quantum controlled–controlled not (CCN) gate of the block structure is given as an essential unit. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the quantum entangled pure states, which is crucial for the execution of the quantum super-parallelism, is illustrated for the proposed quantum CCN gate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract Recent progress in nano‐metre structure and measurements is capable of providing us with the freedom to harness fast and seemingly weak correlations between atoms in an ensemble, manifesting them at macroscopic level. So we have investigated a prospective model of solid state integrated circuits for quantum computation, based on our coherence retentive resonance dynamic dipole–dipole interaction (RDDDI) theory. In this model, each qubit is a block consisting of an ensemble of quantum dots, and the energetics of which suggests stability up to room temperature. Here, we propose a qubit swap (∏4) gate applying our RDDDI. Moreover, integration of the ∏4 gate is proposed to form quantum circuits that can transfer a qubit state to any position within them, realizing bit reversal permutation circuits with even and odd bits, and a shuffling circuit. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent progress in nano-meter structure and measurements is going to provide us the freedom to domesticate fast correlations between atoms in an ensemble, manifesting them at macroscopic level. Here, we show a possibility to generate an electron coherence within an atomic ensemble, via the quantum resonance due to parity inheriting dynamic dipole-dipole interaction. We built up a realistic Hamiltonian having a combinatorial probability factors for the dynamic dipole-dipole quantum resonance. This leads to the precise simulation of the process that will actually occur in nature obeying the energy conservation law. We also show a preliminary experimental data suggestive of the dynamic dipole-dipole mode. These results lead to our proposal of solid state room temperature quantum computer, e.g. by a solid state qubit system of arrayed quantum dots designed to resist against phase errors as well as bit errors.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantum computing promises to revolutionize our lives, achieving unprecedented computational powers and unlocking new possibilities in drug discovery, chemical simulations and cryptography. The fundamental unit of computation of a quantum computer is the quantum bit (qubit). It can be implemented in a number of technologies, such as superconducting qubits, spin qubits, photonic systems, trapped ions and NV-centers. Solid-state superconducting qubits and spin qubits seem to be the most promising ones, as shown by the recent demonstration of quantum supremacy with a superconducting qubit processor. Such quantum processors, to operate in the quantum regime, require very low temperatures around 10 mK, and they are hence kept inside dilution fridges. The electronics required to read out and control such processors is typically realized by discrete components or bulky scientific instruments at room temperature wired into the dilution fridge. Such approach is only feasible until few (< 100) qubits are handled, but it is not scalable for million-qubit processors required for fault-tolerant operation. In this thesis, readout and control electronics is proposed to be integrated and operated directly at cryogenic temperatures, in close proximity with the qubits and potentially even co-integrated. CMOS technology is advocated for its scalability, compactness and low prototyping cost, to create a comprehensive cryo-CMOS class of fully-integrated transceivers to read out and control solid-state qubits. In particular, the thesis focuses on cryo-CMOS radio-frequency integrated circuits for the readout of silicon quantum computers, looking to integrate the whole readout system, from the quantum layer to the room temperature user interface. Cryogenic CMOS devices are explored first, to lay the foundations of integrated circuit design. The realization of quantum dots in standard CMOS technology is explored as a platform to realize solid-state qubit arrays, demonstrating functionality at 50 mK and good reproducibility. Moreover, the operation of integrated transistors at 50 mK and 4.2 K is explored to understand their basic cryogenic functionality, through characterization and modeling. Then also integrated passives, such as capacitors, inductors and transformers, are studied and modeled at cryogenic temperatures. Then, a fully-integrated readout platform spanning across all the blocks needed for dispersive readout is proposed. A fully-integrated matrix of quantum dots with radio-frequency gate-based readout capabilities is demonstrated along with time- and frequency-multiplexing. This quantum-classical circuit shows all the features for a scalable approach and is the core of the platform following it. A cryogenic CMOS circulator based on a new all-pass filter architecture is demonstrated, to be used as integrated replacement for current bulky counterparts; it allows power reduction, insertion loss and bandwidth enhancement with respect to state-of-the-art integrated circulators. The rest of the front-end is also explored with dedicated test multiplexers, a low noise-amplifier and an oscillator, that are finally merged in a single fully-integrated low-noise receiver with frequency synthesizer operating at 3.5 K for scalable multiplexed readout of silicon qubits. The platform presented in this thesis, across temperature boundaries, carries all the features required for future scalable silicon quantum computing platforms and could therefore form their core.
As an ensemble scheme of solid-state NMR quantum computers the extension of Kane's many-qubits silicon scheme based on the array of 31 P donor atoms are spaced lengthwise of the strip gates is considered. The possible planar topology of such ensemble quantum computer is suggested. The estimation of the output NMR signal was performed and it was shown that for the number N>=10^5 of ensemble elements involving L~10^3 qubits each, the standard NMR methods are usable. As main mechanisms of decoherence for low temperature (<0.1K), the adiabatic processes of random modulation of qubit resonance frequency determined by secular part of nuclear spin hyperfine interaction with electron magnetic moment of basic atom and dipole-dipole interaction with nuclear moments of neighboring impurity atoms was considered, It was made estimations of allowed concentrations of magnetic impurities and of spin temperature whereby the required decoherence suppression is obtained. Semiclassical decoherence model of two qubit entangled states is also presented. As another variant of the solid-state ensemble quantum computer, the gateless architecture of cellular-automaton with antiferromagnetically ordered electron spins is also discussed here.
An all optical implementation of quantum information processing with semiconductor macroatoms is presented. Our quantum hardware consists of an array of semiconductor quantum dots and the computational degrees of freedom, i.e. the qubits, are energy-selected interband optical transitions. The proposed quantum-computing scheme exploits exciton–exciton interactions driven by ultrafast sequences of multi-colour laser pulses. Contrary to existing proposals based on charge excitations, the present all-optical implementation does not require the application of time-dependent electric fields, thus allowing for a sub-picosecond, i.e. decoherence-free, operation time-scale in realistic state-of-the-art semiconductor nanostructures. Moreover, the fully-optical character of the proposed gating scheme makes it an ideal candidate for the realization of all-optical computing networks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.