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Physical Review A

Quantum noise of the fundamental soliton

Franz X. Kärtner, Luc Boivin

Published Jan 1, 1996• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate the noise in a fundamental soliton state constructed from the exact energy eigenstates of the quantized nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. It is shown that such a state has statistical properties that are substantially different from those of a coherent state with the same mean field. We can construct, for example, a fundamental soliton state that has initially minimum fluctuations for the four linearized soliton operators (particle number, phase, momentum, and position). We also show that the linearized noise analysis is not valid for nonlinear phase shifts larger than ${\mathit{n}}_{0}^{1/4}$, where ${\mathit{n}}_{0}$ is the average number of particles in the fundamental soliton. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.53.454

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We investigate the noise in a fundamental soliton state constructed from the exact energy eigenstates of the quantized nonlinear Schr"odinger equation. It is shown that such a state has statistical properties that are substantially different from those of a coherent state with the same mean field. We can construct, for example, a fundamental soliton state that has initially minimum fluctuations for the four linearized soliton operators (particle number, phase, momentum, and position). We also show that the linearized noise analysis is not valid for nonlinear phase shifts larger than n01/4{\mathit{n}}_{0}^{1/4}n01/4​, where n0{\mathit{n}}_{0}n0​ is the average number of particles in the fundamental soliton. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
We predict phase transitions in the quantum noise characteristics of systems described by the quantum nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, showing them to be related to the solitonic field transition at half the fundamental soliton amplitude. These phase transitions are robust with respect to Raman noise and scattering losses. We also describe the rich internal quantum noise structure of the solitonic fields in the vicinity of the phase transition. For optical coherent quantum solitons, this leads to the prediction that eliminating the peak sideband noise due to the electronic nonlinearity of silica fiber by spectral filtering leads to the optimal photon-number noise reduction of a fundamental soliton.
Quantum fluctuations of optical solitons in fibers are discussed on the basis of the exact quantum states in the frame of the quantum nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. Position and momentum fluctuations as well as quadrature phase fluctuations are calculated, and explicit results are expressed in terms of the intrinsic quantum parameters. Soliton wave-packet spreading and phase-diffusion phenomena are clearly demonstrated, and the corresponding squeezing effects are analyzed. In particular, soliton amplitude squeezing is investigated in an experimental setup of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer containing an optical fiber. Coherent states for quantum solitons are discussed with attention given to their dynamical preservability. Compared with previous linearized approaches, the present study may provide a more fundamental treatment to quantum fluctuations of solitons.
The stochastic theory presented by Drummond, Gardiner, and Walls [Phys. Rev. A 24, 914 (1981)] is an interesting approach to problems in quantum optics. In this theory, an exact, quantum evolution is written in terms of classical functions (not operators) driven by explicit, quantum noise. We examine the origin of uncertainty in the formalism through the simple example of a single, nonlinear oscillator. We then test the stochastic theory applied to the problem of soliton propagation. We extend the linearized stochastic model by computing analytically quantum uncertainties in the four basic soliton parameters: photon number, momentum, phase, and position. Agreement with second-quantized and configuration-space soliton theories verifies the stochastic formalism.
Optical solitons are known to be classically stable objects which are robust to perturbations. In this work we show that due to quantum-mechanical effects, an optical soliton that is initially in a classical soliton coherent state will shed photons into the continuum and hence decay. The standard formulation of the quantized soliton uses the linearized version of the quantum nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation in the background of the classical soliton, and the quantized soliton remains stable in this approximation. We show that if higher-order interaction terms are taken into account, the soliton is no longer stable, and its photon number decreases quadratically as a function of the number of soliton cycles. We compute the power spectrum for the continuum radiation and find a narrow band that is localized about the initial soliton momentum with a cutoff that is inversely proportional to the initial soliton width.
Quantum fluctuations of one-dimensional dark dissipative solitons sustained by an external radiation in an interferometer with a Kerr nonlinearity are analyzed theoretically. The stability region of classical solitons in this interferometer is studied. The boundaries of this region are determined, and types of excited solitons are classified. Quantum fluctuations of solitons are analyzed in an approximation linear in fluctuations. This problem was solved by linearizing the quantum Langevin equation in a neighborhood of a classical solution for the main type of a soliton from the obtained stability region. The main attention has been paid to studying quantum fluctuations of collective variables of dissipative solitons, namely, the coordinate of the center and momentum of the soliton. Based on the expansion of solutions of the linearized equation in eigenfunctions of the discrete spectrum of this equation, a solution describing quantum fluctuations of these variables is constructed. Using this expansion scheme made it possible to give a rigorous definition of the dissipative soliton position fluctuation operator. The study performed based on this scheme has made it also possible to construct a solution for a one-dimensional dark relaxing dissipative soliton. This soliton generalizes the stationary soliton with allowance for the shift of its center and deformation of its profile followed by the recovery of its initial shape. Average squares of quantum fluctuations of collective variables are calculated. A domain of parameters in which there exist quantum states of solitons with an initially high degree of squeezing with respect to the momentum is found. It is shown that such states are in correspondence with significantly higher velocities of soliton center drift. An experiment that could detect the relative squeezing with respect to the momentum due to the soliton center drift is discussed.