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Microwave and Optical Technology Letters

Stokes‐parameter detection experimental results for polarization modulation coherent systems with low bit‐rate‐to‐linewidth ratio

S. Betti, F. Curti, Giancarlo De Marchis, Eugenio Iannone, Alessandro Trifiletti

Published Jul 1, 1993• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A BER measurement has been performed relative to each Stokes parameter in an ASPSK system using laser sources such that the beating signal linewidth exceeds the bit rate (about 200%). Under such severe conditions a sensitivity of about 155 photons/bit has been achieved at a BER of 10−9, with a penalty of about 6 dB with respect to the quantum limit of an ASPSK system. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

DOI
10.1002/mop.4650060904

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Abstract A BER measurement has been performed relative to each Stokes parameter in an ASPSK system using laser sources such that the beating signal linewidth exceeds the bit rate (about 200%). Under such severe conditions a sensitivity of about 155 photons/bit has been achieved at a BER of 10−9, with a penalty of about 6 dB with respect to the quantum limit of an ASPSK system. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polarization-modulated optical signals can be demodulated via direct detection of Stokes vectors. In this article, we develop a quantum theory of noise in the Stokes vector receiver. Examining the conditions that enable simultaneous measurement of three elements of the Stokes vector, we demonstrate that an optical pre-amplifier in front of the Stokes vector receiver can reduce the power penalty associated with simultaneous measurements, down to the quantum limit of 3 dB. Then, the 3-D Gaussian noise model for the shot noise and optical pre-amplifier noise is discussed. Subsequently, based on the noise analyses, we derive bit error rate formulae for the cubic-lattice polarization modulation format and evaluate the sensitivity of the Stokes vector receiver.
The first homodyne receiver for polarization modulated optical signals is proposed and analyzed. It is based on the detection at the receiver of the four quadratures that completely characterize the received optical field and on the estimation of the Stokes parameters starting from them. This allows homodyne detection to be carried out without phase locking the local oscillator to the received signal. An accurate performance evaluation is carried out both at the quantum limit and in the presence of phase noise for a binary system based on an antipodal decision in the Stokes space. The system structure is described. The quantum limit performance is evaluated, and the phase-noise induced penalty is evaluated using an accurate analytical model.>
In this dissertation measurements are presented that extend our understanding of the important noise processes involved in the semiconductor laser generation of photon-number squeezed light. Strong sub-shot noise correlations between photon-number fluctuations on orthogonal polarization axes are observed in the output of a low temperature injection-locked quantum-well laser. Such polarization dependent effects are accounted for by intrinsic correlations generated in the laser gain medium and polarization mixing due to birefringence. Using polarization preserving balanced homodyne detection, up to 4.5 dB of photon-number squeezing is reported, which is within 95% of the expected maximum squeezing based on the device quantum efficiency. The work in this dissertation demonstrates the application of such nonclassical fields to practical measurements that achieve sub-shot noise sensitivity. Coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy with a photon-number squeezed probe field is used to measure the Urbach tail and exciton resonances in a GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well with sensitivity below the semiclassical shot-noise limit. Direct drive current modulation of an injection-locked room temperature laser results in a nonclassical amplitude modulated field with a signal to noise ratio that exceeds the maximum ratio permitted for a classical source under equivalent modulation conditions.
Recovering complex optical signals with high sensitivity is central to coherent communication and sensing. Beyond conventional homodyne and heterodyne reception, phase-conjugate twin-wave encoding and phase-sensitive joint detection offer an alternative strategy with enhanced sensitivity. Extending this approach to long-distance transmission of high-order-modulated signals is challenging because optical phase coherence must be maintained at the receiver. Here we experimentally demonstrate injection-locking-assisted phase-conjugated twin-wave reception of 200-MBaud signals with modulation formats up to 256-QAM over 100 km of optical fiber. Optical injection locking regenerates the local oscillator (LO) from a reference transmitted through the 16 dB-loss link, while pilot-assisted optical feedback stabilizes the relative signal-LO phase, enabling coherent combining of the phase-conjugated twin waves at a single balanced photodetector. At equal received signal-photon number per quadrature in each data-carrying optical mode, the measured PCTW signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) exceeds the ideal single-mode homodyne standard quantum limit (SQL) benchmark. The SNR gains over the measured homodyne and conventional heterodyne results are about 3 dB and 6 dB, respectively. Constellation and bit-error-rate measurements show that this gain improves high-order data recovery relative to heterodyne reception. An ideal Gaussian-noise model predicts a photon information efficiency of 1.54 bits per received signal photon for uniform 16-QAM. These results establish an injection-locking-assisted coherent receiver architecture that implements joint detection of phase-conjugated twin waves over 100 km of fiber with enhanced sensitivity, providing a practical route for photon-efficient coherent communication.