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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

An improved quantum key distribution protocol

Tingwan Wu, Guohua Wu

Published Aug 28, 2008• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presented an improved quantum key distribution protocol of the quantum cryptology. Using the same measure polarizer as BB84 protocol, the improved protocol we designed with not any classical channel, but a new looped quantum channel instead, so the job of sending and receiving can be finished only by one same person. It brings several good points: the utilization ratio of photons 100% in perfect condition, at least twice over other protocols, or even higher; the public channel easy to be attacked is avoided. Further, the improved protocol authenticates the legal communicators with pre-share information, so that no attacker can jump over the progress of authentication. Be alien from the protocol of BB84, the improved protocol uses message summary to detect whether messages intercepted by attacker. Because the message summary is encrypted by one-time-pad method using pre-share information, attacker could not alter the message summary and that not to be discovered. Moreover, some theoretical analysis to the improved protocol given with information theory: we used the measure channel concept for quantum detection, and calculated the information quantity obtained by attacker in the quantum secrecy communication. The analysis results provide the theory criterion for the legal communicators and the attackers.

DOI
10.1117/12.796401

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This paper presented an improved quantum key distribution protocol of the quantum cryptology. Using the same measure polarizer as BB84 protocol, the improved protocol we designed with not any classical channel, but a new looped quantum channel instead, so the job of sending and receiving can be finished only by one same person. It brings several good points: the utilization ratio of photons 100% in perfect condition, at least twice over other protocols, or even higher; the public channel easy to be attacked is avoided. Further, the improved protocol authenticates the legal communicators with pre-share information, so that no attacker can jump over the progress of authentication. Be alien from the protocol of BB84, the improved protocol uses message summary to detect whether messages intercepted by attacker. Because the message summary is encrypted by one-time-pad method using pre-share information, attacker could not alter the message summary and that not to be discovered. Moreover, some theoretical analysis to the improved protocol given with information theory: we used the measure channel concept for quantum detection, and calculated the information quantity obtained by attacker in the quantum secrecy communication. The analysis results provide the theory criterion for the legal communicators and the attackers.
In order to solve the low key distribution efficiency problem of the BB84 protocol, an improved BB84 quantum key distribution scheme is presented in this paper. Firstly the same polarization basis is used by the sender and the receiver with the consistent agreement. This process could make quantum key distribution rate higher. Then signature combined with the error correction method based on the odd and even parity is used to ensure the safety of the transmission. The analyses results indicate that the advantage of the improved scheme lies in that the all photons sent to Bob by Alice are useful. It can not only reduce the time extracting the original key, but also solve the authentication problem in the process of communication. The key distribution efficiency is two times of the original BB84 protocol improved scheme.
This paper presents a novel communication protocol design leveraging the concept of quantum entropy. Current communication protocols predominantly rely on classical information theory, often lacking the inherent advantages offered by quantum mechanics. This protocol aims to enhance both communication efficiency and security by encoding and transmitting information based on quantum entropy. The core mechanisms involve quantum entropy-based encoding, entropy-assisted encryption and decryption, and the utilization of quantum entanglement for quantum key distribution (QKD). Specifically, the protocol employs a modified BB84 protocol, incorporating entropy-rate estimation to improve key generation and security against eavesdropping attacks. The theoretical analysis demonstrates the protocol's potential to achieve higher key rates and enhanced security levels compared to traditional protocols. Mathematical formulations detail the entropy calculations and security proofs used within the protocol. The design offers a promising approach for secure quantum communication in future networks.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is an innovative solution in the cryptography world to prevent the information leakage that can sometimes be deliberate. Several QKD protocols were recently presented for building a secure shared key, of which the BB84 protocol is one of those interesting protocols. The authentication between the communicating parties is one of the issues that cause a huge argument. Furthermore, the current well-known QKD protocols are not yet ready to realize the personality of either the sender or the receiver, although the QKD protocol is already protected by the rules of physics and quantum mechanics to detect any interruption. This paper introduces a new QKD protocol that utilizes two quantum channels to provide authenticated communications for legitimate parties. Moreover, the proposed QKD protocol uses two type of physical behaviors, entanglement and superposition states. The entangled states are utilized to confirm the authentication between the end users, while the superposition states carry the secret key that will be shared between the users.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most extensively researched quantum cryptographic protocol, leveraging quantum phenomena to enable information-theoretically secure key establishment. Conventional QKD systems rely on authenticated classical post-processing channels to prevent impersonation attacks. However, QKD inherently lacks authentication capabilities, necessitating an external authentication mechanism. Furthermore, the classical post-processing steps introduce information leakage, exposing QKD to additional attack strategies and diminishing the final key rate. In this study, we introduce a novel QKD protocol that eliminates the need for separate authentication, prevents information leakage, and significantly improves the achievable key rate. By removing public classical channels entirely, our design attains perfect secrecy with the use of two reusable pre-shared keys.
The quantum key distribution protocol BB84, published by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard in 1984, describes how two spatially separated parties can generate a random bit string fully known only to them by transmission of single-qubit quantum states. Any attempt to eavesdrop on the protocol introduces disturbance which can be detected by the legitimate parties. In this Master's Thesis a novel modification to the BB84 protocol is analyzed. Instead of sending single particles one-by-one as in BB84, they are grouped and a non-local transformation is applied to each group before transmission. Each particle is sent to the intended receiver, always delaying the transmission until the receiver has acknowledged the previous particle on an authenticated classical channel, restricting eavesdropping to accessing the quantum transmission one particle at a time. Hence, an eavesdropper cannot undo the non-local transformation perfectly. Even if perfect cloning of quantum states was possible the state of the group could not be cloned. We calculate the maximal information on the established key provided by an intercept-resend attack and the induced disturbance for different transformations. We observe that it is possible to significantly reduce the eavesdropper's maximal information on the key--to one eighth of that in BB84 for a fixed, reasonable amount of disturbance. We also show that the individual access to the particles poses a fundamental restriction to the eavesdropper, and discuss a novel attack type against the proposed protocol.
Quantum cryptography is a well-stated field within quantum applications where quantum information is used to set secure communications, authentication, and secret keys. Now used in quantum devices with those purposes, particularly Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which proposes a secret key between two parties free of effective eavesdropping, at least at a higher level than classical cryptography. The best-known quantum protocol to securely share a secret key is the BB84 one. Other protocols have been proposed as adaptations of it. Most of them are based on the quantum indeterminacy for non-orthogonal quantum states. Their security is commonly based on the large length of the key. In the current work, a BB84-like procedure for QKD based on double quantum teleportation allows the sharing of the key statement using several parties. Thus, the quantum bits of information are assembled among three parties via entanglement, instead of travelling through a unique quantum channel as in the traditional protocol. Asymmetry in the double teleportation plus post-measurement retains the secrecy in the process. Despite requiring more complex control and resources, the procedure dramatically reduces the probability of success for an eavesdropper under individual attacks, because of the ignorance of the processing times in the procedure. Quantum Bit Error Rate remains in the acceptable threshold and it becomes configurable. The article depicts the double quantum teleportation procedure, the associated control to introduce the QKD scheme, the analysis of individual attacks performed by an eavesdropper, and a brief comparison with other protocols.