Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Russian Microelectronics

Investigation into the statistical nature of Bell’s inequalities

Yu. I. Bogdanov

Published Sep 1, 2008• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The relationship between quantum statistics and classical probability theory is discussed. Meeting Bell’s inequalities is treated as reducing quantum measurements to classical probability distributions. The question of whether or not this is possible is given a mathematical formulation involving singular-value decomposition and the concept of quasi-probabilities. All the possible quasi-probability distributions are presented in compact form, and are shown not to be positive definite. The concept of a regularized solution that minimizes variance is introduced. An invariant is defined and discussed that provides an intuitive representation of Bell’s inequality and its violation. The method of quasi-probabilities and the density-matrix formalism are compared in the context of the tomographic description of quantum states. A statistical interpretation is given to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states.

DOI
10.1134/s1063739708050041

Related papers

Bell's inequalities in the tomographic representation

Cosmo Lupo, Vladimir I. Man’ko, Giuseppe Marmo

The tomographic approach to quantum mechanics is revisited as a direct tool to investigate violation of Bell-like inequalities. Since quantum tomograms are well defined probability distributions, the tomographic approach is emphasized to be the most natural one to compare the predictions of classical and quantum theory. Examples of inequalities for two qubits an two qutrits are considered in the tomographic probability representation of spin states.

•Jan 1, 2006•14 citations

Bell's inequalities in the tomographic representation

Cosmo Lupo, V I Man'ko, G Marmo

The tomographic approach to quantum mechanics is revisited as a direct tool to investigate violation of Bell-like inequalities. Since quantum tomograms are well defined probability distributions, the tomographic approach is emphasized to be the most natural one to compare the predictions of classical and quantum theory. Examples of inequalities for two qubits an two qutrits are considered in the tomographic probability representation of spin states.

arXiv:quant-ph/0607059•Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General•Sep 19, 2006•14 citations

On the Significance of the Bell Inequalities for the Locality Problem in Different Realistic Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics

Willem M. de Muynck, J. T. P. M. van Stekelenborg

Abstract The relation between the Bell inequalities, locality and the existence of joint probability distributions is discussed in different realist interpretations of quantum mechanics. We distinguish four realist interpretations, viz., the objectivistic one, the contextualistic one, the strictly nonobjectivistic and the quasi‐objectivistic interpretation. Conclusions are differing largely in different interpretations. We also distinguish between two kinds of locality, viz, macrolocality and Einstein/Bell locality. From a classical model of stochastic measuring processes a definition of Einstein/Bell locality is derived that differs from the Bell/Clauser/Horne/Shimony factorizability condition. It is demonstrated that only in the quasi‐objectivistic interpretation the Einstein/Bell locality condition plays a role in the derivation of a Bell inequality for quantities that are experimentally relevant. It is argued that even in this interpretation it is not possible to arrive at the conclusions that the Bell inequalities stem from the locality condition because of the tacit assumption of an additional property, namely the existence of probability distributions conditionalized on the dispersionfree states of the hidden variables. Consideration of a phase space representation of the Schrödinger equation demonstrates that this latter assumption is at odds with the statistics of quantum systems.

Annalen der Physik•Jan 1, 1988•11 citations

Probability Instead of Wave Function and Bell Inequalities as Entanglement Criterion

Vladimir I. Man’ko, Guillaume Adenier, Andrei Yu. Khrennikov +3 more

Review of the probability representation of quantum mechanics, in which a fair probability distribution is used instead of the density matrix or wave function to describe quantum states is presented. Bell inequalities are formulated as properties of joint probability distributions describing the states of multipartite spin systems in the probability representation. Probability distributions depending on extra parameters are discussed in the connection with problems of classical and quantum statistical mechanics, where these distributions can be considered in the context of non‐Kolmogorov probability theory.

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 2007•6 citations

Witnessing Bell violations through probabilistic negativity

Benjamin Morris, Lukas J. Fiderer, Ben Lang +1 more

Bell's theorem shows that no local hidden-variable model can explain the measurement statistics of a quantum system shared between two parties, thus ruling out a classical (local) understanding of nature. In this paper we demonstrate that by relaxing the positivity restriction in the hidden-variable probability distribution it is possible to derive quasiprobabilistic Bell inequalities whose sharp upper bound is written in terms of a negativity witness of said distribution. This provides an analytic solution for the amount of negativity necessary to violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality by an arbitrary amount, therefore revealing the amount of negativity required to emulate the quantum statistics in a Bell test.

arXiv:2105.01685•Physical Review A•Mar 2, 2022•3 citations

Statistical Constraints and Measurement Uncertainty for Observables in Quantum Mechanics

Ryosuke Nogami

This dissertation investigates statistical constraints on measurement outcomes in quantum mechanics, addressing two fundamental features that distinguish quantum theory from classical physics: non-reality and uncertainty.We examine these features through two perspectives: observable-dependent statistical constraints on quantum correlations and estimationbased measurement uncertainty in infinite-dimensional quantum systems.In the first part, we study realizability problems in both local realism and quantum theory, focusing on observable-dependent constraints.While previous studies have mainly characterized quantum correlations independently of observables, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for quantum realizability of correlations in the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) scenario when observables are fixed in advance.Our main result provides an explicit inequality that imposes stronger constraints than previously known observable-independent bounds.We demonstrate that the maximum CHSH inequality violation depends on observable choice and apply our results to Bell's original scenario, revealing that whether Bell's original inequality is violated depends sensitively on observable selection.These findings demonstrate that non-reality does not manifest equally in all measurement configurations.In the second part, we extend the estimation-based formulation of measurement uncertainty by Watanabe, Sagawa, and Ueda to infinite-dimensional quantum systems.The original formulation provided clear physical interpretation but excluded fundamental observables such as position and momentum.Using pseudo-inverse forms of positive-semidefinite sesquilinear forms, we develop classical and quantum estimation theory for statistical models whose parameter space is the set of full-rank quantum states on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces.We derive classical and quantum Cramér-Rao inequalities and define estimationbased measurement errors for both bounded and unbounded operators.For each error type, we establish error-error uncertainty relation inequalities stronger than the original Watanabe-Sagawa-Ueda bound due to an improved derivation utilizing the full Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.Our work provides a universal definition of measurement errors with a clear physical interpretation while maintaining mathematical rigor.Our results contribute to quantum foundations by deepening the understanding of how measurement outcome constraints arise from quantum structure and observable properties.The methodological tools introduced-including characteristic functions, quasi-joint probability distributions, symmetry-based reduction techniques, and pseudo-inverse forms-may prove useful for future investigations in quantum foundations and quantum information theory.

•Mar 25, 2026•0 citations
The relationship between quantum statistics and classical probability theory is discussed. Meeting Bell’s inequalities is treated as reducing quantum measurements to classical probability distributions. The question of whether or not this is possible is given a mathematical formulation involving singular-value decomposition and the concept of quasi-probabilities. All the possible quasi-probability distributions are presented in compact form, and are shown not to be positive definite. The concept of a regularized solution that minimizes variance is introduced. An invariant is defined and discussed that provides an intuitive representation of Bell’s inequality and its violation. The method of quasi-probabilities and the density-matrix formalism are compared in the context of the tomographic description of quantum states. A statistical interpretation is given to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states.
Abstract The relation between the Bell inequalities, locality and the existence of joint probability distributions is discussed in different realist interpretations of quantum mechanics. We distinguish four realist interpretations, viz., the objectivistic one, the contextualistic one, the strictly nonobjectivistic and the quasi‐objectivistic interpretation. Conclusions are differing largely in different interpretations. We also distinguish between two kinds of locality, viz, macrolocality and Einstein/Bell locality. From a classical model of stochastic measuring processes a definition of Einstein/Bell locality is derived that differs from the Bell/Clauser/Horne/Shimony factorizability condition. It is demonstrated that only in the quasi‐objectivistic interpretation the Einstein/Bell locality condition plays a role in the derivation of a Bell inequality for quantities that are experimentally relevant. It is argued that even in this interpretation it is not possible to arrive at the conclusions that the Bell inequalities stem from the locality condition because of the tacit assumption of an additional property, namely the existence of probability distributions conditionalized on the dispersionfree states of the hidden variables. Consideration of a phase space representation of the Schrödinger equation demonstrates that this latter assumption is at odds with the statistics of quantum systems.
Review of the probability representation of quantum mechanics, in which a fair probability distribution is used instead of the density matrix or wave function to describe quantum states is presented. Bell inequalities are formulated as properties of joint probability distributions describing the states of multipartite spin systems in the probability representation. Probability distributions depending on extra parameters are discussed in the connection with problems of classical and quantum statistical mechanics, where these distributions can be considered in the context of non‐Kolmogorov probability theory.
Bell's theorem shows that no local hidden-variable model can explain the measurement statistics of a quantum system shared between two parties, thus ruling out a classical (local) understanding of nature. In this paper we demonstrate that by relaxing the positivity restriction in the hidden-variable probability distribution it is possible to derive quasiprobabilistic Bell inequalities whose sharp upper bound is written in terms of a negativity witness of said distribution. This provides an analytic solution for the amount of negativity necessary to violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality by an arbitrary amount, therefore revealing the amount of negativity required to emulate the quantum statistics in a Bell test.
This dissertation investigates statistical constraints on measurement outcomes in quantum mechanics, addressing two fundamental features that distinguish quantum theory from classical physics: non-reality and uncertainty.We examine these features through two perspectives: observable-dependent statistical constraints on quantum correlations and estimationbased measurement uncertainty in infinite-dimensional quantum systems.In the first part, we study realizability problems in both local realism and quantum theory, focusing on observable-dependent constraints.While previous studies have mainly characterized quantum correlations independently of observables, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for quantum realizability of correlations in the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) scenario when observables are fixed in advance.Our main result provides an explicit inequality that imposes stronger constraints than previously known observable-independent bounds.We demonstrate that the maximum CHSH inequality violation depends on observable choice and apply our results to Bell's original scenario, revealing that whether Bell's original inequality is violated depends sensitively on observable selection.These findings demonstrate that non-reality does not manifest equally in all measurement configurations.In the second part, we extend the estimation-based formulation of measurement uncertainty by Watanabe, Sagawa, and Ueda to infinite-dimensional quantum systems.The original formulation provided clear physical interpretation but excluded fundamental observables such as position and momentum.Using pseudo-inverse forms of positive-semidefinite sesquilinear forms, we develop classical and quantum estimation theory for statistical models whose parameter space is the set of full-rank quantum states on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces.We derive classical and quantum Cramér-Rao inequalities and define estimationbased measurement errors for both bounded and unbounded operators.For each error type, we establish error-error uncertainty relation inequalities stronger than the original Watanabe-Sagawa-Ueda bound due to an improved derivation utilizing the full Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.Our work provides a universal definition of measurement errors with a clear physical interpretation while maintaining mathematical rigor.Our results contribute to quantum foundations by deepening the understanding of how measurement outcome constraints arise from quantum structure and observable properties.The methodological tools introduced-including characteristic functions, quasi-joint probability distributions, symmetry-based reduction techniques, and pseudo-inverse forms-may prove useful for future investigations in quantum foundations and quantum information theory.