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Physical Review Letters

Compression of Spin-Polarized Hydrogen to High Density

Rudolf Sprik, Jook T. M. Walraven, Isaac F. Silvera

Published Aug 8, 1983• 58 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new technique enabled the authors to compress doubly polarized hydrogen by up to five orders of magnitude and study the sample in very small volumes at constant density up to 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. The first determination of the bulk three-body dipolar recombination rate was made, ${{K}_{V}}^{3\mathrm{b}}=4(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}39}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The authors also identified a new process, bulk electronic dipolar $b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c$-state relaxation with rate constant ${{G}_{V}}^{\mathrm{bc}}\mathrm{exp}(2{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}\frac{B}{{k}_{\mathrm{B}}}T)=8(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Samples were very delicate and too rapid a compression could result in an explosion.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.51.479

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Physical Review Letters•Aug 8, 1983•64 citations
A new technique enabled the authors to compress doubly polarized hydrogen by up to five orders of magnitude and study the sample in very small volumes at constant density up to 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1018{10}^{18}1018/cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3. The first determination of the bulk three-body dipolar recombination rate was made, KV3b=4(1)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−39{{K}_{V}}^{3\mathrm{b}}=4(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}39}KV​3b=4(1)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−39 cm6{\mathrm{cm}}^{6}cm6 s\ensuremath−1{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}s\ensuremath−1. The authors also identified a new process, bulk electronic dipolar b\ensuremath→cb\ensuremath{\rightarrow}cb\ensuremath→c-state relaxation with rate constant GVbcexp(2\ensuremathμBBkBT)=8(4)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−16{{G}_{V}}^{\mathrm{bc}}\mathrm{exp}(2{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}\frac{B}{{k}_{\mathrm{B}}}T)=8(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}GV​bcexp(2\ensuremathμB​kB​B​T)=8(4)\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−16 cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3 s\ensuremath−1{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}s\ensuremath−1. Samples were very delicate and too rapid a compression could result in an explosion.
Doubly polarized hydrogen has been produced up to densities of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1018{10}^{18}1018 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ with the use of a compression technique. Samples were compressed up to five orders of magnitude into small bubblelike volumes under a column of liquid helium. This technique enabled us to study the volume decay of a bubble at almost constant gas density for minutes. The analysis of the volume decay of such a bubble is discussed. A bulk three-body recombination process was observed with rate constant C3{C}_{3}C3​=[7(2)]\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}39}$ cm6{\mathrm{cm}}^{6}cm6 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, as well as bulk electronic b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c relaxation with rate constant Gbcv{G}_{\mathrm{bc}}^{v}Gbcv​\ensuremath{\downarrow}=[12(4)]\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}16}$ cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The nature of the three-body process is analyzed with a set of extended rate equations. The samples were very delicate and rapid compressions could result in explosions.
We have studied relaxation and recombination processes in compressed, doubly polarized atomic hydrogen at temperatures from 0.13 to 0.60 K and magnetic fields from 3 to 9 T. The gas and surface dipole three-body recombination rate constants at a field of 7.6 T are measured to be, respectively, Lg{L}_{g}Lg​=8.9(8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}39}$ cm6{\mathrm{cm}}^{6}cm6 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and Ls{L}_{s}Ls​=1.2(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}24}$ cm4{\mathrm{cm}}^{4}cm4 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. They decrease slowly with field and Ls{L}_{s}Ls​ exhibits no significant angular dependence. The three-body recombination rate due to hyperfine mixing has also been measured. Electronic and nuclear relaxation rates have been measured; the b-c electronic relaxation rate constant in the gas is Gbc{G}^{\mathrm{bc}}Gbc=1.03(7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}15}$ cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$exp(-Ebc{E}_{\mathrm{bc}}Ebc​/kB{k}_{B}kB​T). The temperature and field dependence of the nuclear relaxation rate in the gas are observed to be in excellent agreement with recent theoretical calculations. Three-body surface recombination-rate measurements using $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He surfaces indicate that as little as one monolayer of 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He on the liquid 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He surface appreciably decreases the adsorption energy of atomic hydrogen. Densities achieved include 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1018{10}^{18}1018 atoms${\mathrm{?}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ at 0.55 K (pure 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He walls), and 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1018{10}^{18}1018 atoms${\mathrm{?}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ at 0.19 K (8 at. ? sup 3---He).
We have compressed spin-polarized atomic hydrogen gas in small, \ensuremath{\gtrsim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$-cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3 bubbles to densities higher than 1018{10}^{18}1018 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ using a liquid${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{4}$He piston at temperatures from 0.3 to 0.7 K and in magnetic fields from 4.5 to 7.5 T. A best fit to the compression sweeps is obtained by fixing the binding energy of the adsorbed H atom on the liquid 4He^{4}\mathrm{He}4He surface to 1.15 K, which then yields the third-order dipolar recombination rate constants Kbbbv{K}_{\mathrm{bbb}}^{v}Kbbbv​=2.7(7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}39}$ cm6{\mathrm{cm}}^{6}cm6/s for the gas phase and Kbbbs{K}_{\mathrm{bbb}}^{s}Kbbbs​=8(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}25}$ cm4{\mathrm{cm}}^{4}cm4/s for the adsorbed surface layer. Because of inadequate transfer of the recombination heat to the surrounding He bath, the compression sweeps terminate in a spontaneous thermal explosion of the H\ensuremath{\downarrow} bubble. The pressure at the onset of the explosive recombination event is investigated as a function of ambient temperature, bubble volume, and magnetic field. Qualitative agreement with a simple thermally activated explosion model is found.
Three-body recombination in spin-polarized hydrogen has been observed. Doubly polarized hydrogen was compressed by a piston into a thin cell and the temperature and pressure were independently monitored. Measurements were carried out in the temperature range 0.3 to 0.45 K in a magnetic field of 8.0 T at densities up to 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1018{10}^{18}1018 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The results are in good agreement with the theory of Kagan, Vartanyants and Shlyapnikov.