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Physical Review

Development of a Phase Transition for a Rigorously Solvable Many-Body System

CHARLES KITTEL, H. Shore

Published May 17, 1965• 80 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The ferromagnetic transition is considered in detail for the Heisenberg Hamiltonian with all spins coupled equally. For this special model the statistical problem is solved exactly. The transition develops very slowly as the number $N$ of particles in the system is increased; the spin order at the nominal Curie temperature is proportional to ${N}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{4}}$. The order in the most probable state differs from the mean value of the order, except for $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. The connections are studied with the molecular-field, spin-wave, and self-consistent approximations. The failure of the self-consistent approximation is relatively severe as compared with the nearest-neighbor problem. The antiferromagnetic ground state is very close in energy to the N\'eel state.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.138.a1165

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The ferromagnetic transition is considered in detail for the Heisenberg Hamiltonian with all spins coupled equally. For this special model the statistical problem is solved exactly. The transition develops very slowly as the number NNN of particles in the system is increased; the spin order at the nominal Curie temperature is proportional to N\ensuremath−14{N}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{4}}N\ensuremath−41​. The order in the most probable state differs from the mean value of the order, except for N\ensuremath→\ensuremath∞N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}N\ensuremath→\ensuremath∞. The connections are studied with the molecular-field, spin-wave, and self-consistent approximations. The failure of the self-consistent approximation is relatively severe as compared with the nearest-neighbor problem. The antiferromagnetic ground state is very close in energy to the N'eel state.
We have considered the paramagnetic—ferromagnetic transition for the Ising system with ``infinite range'' interactions (i.e., each spin interacts equally with all other spins) and in the presence of a single-ion anisotropy term: H=−2jΣ lim i>i SizSjz+ΔΣ lim i Siz2−gμHΣ lim iSiz. Kittel and Shore1 have shown that this system (in the absence of the term in Δ) is exactly soluble, and leads rigourously, in the limit of an infinite number of particles, to the equations of the molecular-field approximation, and to a second-order phase transition. The single-ion term can cause the transition to become first order2,3 in that there is a discontinuity in the magnetization as a function of temperature. We have solved for the relevant thermodynamic parameters as a function of temperature for the case of ions with spin one. The development of the first-order transition as a function of the number of particles will be discussed. This work will be submitted for publication in the Physical Review.
We introduce a one dimensional Ising model with two competing interactions: nearest neighbor random couplings +/-J with equal probability and a positive infinite range coupling Lambda. At low temperature T the model exhibits a first order phase transition between a ferromagnetic state (with magnetization m(1) = 1 at T = 0) and a << ferrimagnetic >> state (with m(2) = 2/3 at T = 0), when the disorder strength J/Lambda is increased. For 5/12 < J/Lambda < 1, a whole spectrum of ferrimagnetic ground states with magnetization m(n) = 2/(n + 1) (n = 2, ..., infinity) is present while for J/lambda > 1 the ground state is given by a trivial one dimensional spin glass with m = 0. The main qualitative features of the model can be described by a simplified annealed model where the random couplings can arrange themselves to minimize free energy with the constraint that the number of positive couplings is fixed by the law of large numbers in the thermodynamic limit. This model is exactly solved at all temperatures and the diagram of phase is calculated.
We study the ground-state (GS) properties of the frustrated spin-12\frac{1}{2}21​ J1{J}_{1}J1​--J2{J}_{2}J2​--J3{J}_{3}J3​ Heisenberg model on the two-dimensional honeycomb lattice with ferromagnetic nearest-neighbor (${J}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}1$) exchange and frustrating antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor (J2>0{J}_{2}>0J2​>0) and next-next-nearest-neighbor (J3>0{J}_{3}>0J3​>0) exchanges, for the case J3=J2{J}_{3}={J}_{2}J3​=J2​. We use the coupled-cluster method implemented to high orders of approximation, complemented by the Lanczos exact diagonalization of a large finite lattice with 32 sites, in order to calculate the GS energy, magnetic order parameter, and spin-spin correlation functions. In one scenario we find a quantum phase transition point between regions characterized by ferromagnetic order and a form of antiferromagnetic (``striped'') collinear order at ${J}_{2}^{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.1095\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$, which is below the corresponding hypothetical transition point at J2cl=17{J}_{2}^{\mathrm{cl}}=\frac{1}{7}J2cl​=71​ ($\ensuremath{\approx}0.143$) for the classical version of the model, in which we momentarily ignore the intervening noncollinear spiral phase in the region 110<J2<15\frac{1}{10}<{J}_{2}<\frac{1}{5}101​<J2​<51​. Hence we see that quantum fluctuations appear to stabilize somewhat the collinear antiferromagnetic order in preference to the ferromagnetic order in this model. We compare results for the present ferromagnetic case (with ${J}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}1$) to previous results for the corresponding antiferromagnetic case (with J1=+1{J}_{1}=+1J1​=+1). The magnetic order parameter is found to behave similarly for the ferromagnetic and the antiferromagnetic models for large values of the frustration parameter J2{J}_{2}J2​. However, there are considerable differences in the behavior of the order parameters for the two models for ${J}_{2}/|{J}_{1}|\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.6$. For example, the quasiclassical collinear magnetic long-range order for the antiferromagnetic model (with J1=+1{J}_{1}=+1J1​=+1) breaks down at ${J}_{2}^{{c}_{2}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.60$, whereas the ``equivalent'' point for the ferromagnetic model (with ${J}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}1$) occurs at ${J}_{2}^{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.11$. Unlike in the antiferromagnetic model (with J1=+1{J}_{1}=+1J1​=+1), where a plaquette valence-bond crystal phase intrudes between the two corresponding quasiclassical antiferromagnetic phases (with N\'eel and striped order) for J2c1<J2<J2c2{J}_{2}^{{c}_{1}}<{J}_{2}<{J}_{2}^{{c}_{2}}J2c1​​<J2​<J2c2​​, with ${J}_{2}^{{c}_{1}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.47$, we find no clear indications at all in the ferromagnetic model for an intermediate magnetically disordered phase between the corresponding phases exhibiting ferromagnetic and striped order. Instead the evidence for the ferromagnetic model (with ${J}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}1$) points to one of two scenarios: either there is a direct first-order transition between the two magnetically ordered phases, as mentioned above; or there exists an intervening phase between them in the very narrow range $0.10\ensuremath{\lesssim}{J}_{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.12$, which is probably a remnant of the spiral phase that exists in the classical counterpart of the model over the larger range 110<J2<15\frac{1}{10}<{J}_{2}<\frac{1}{5}101​<J2​<51​.
The one-dimensional s=1/2 quantum spin model with nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic and next-nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions is considered. The behavior of the system in the vicinity of the transition point from the antiferromagnetic ground state to the ferromagnetic one is studied. The consideration is based on the classical approximation and the regular procedure is proposed to find the corrections to the classical energy. The dependence of the energy on spin S is calculated. We obtain evidence of a phase separation for the state with intermediate S. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A detailed series-extrapolation investigation of some critical properties ($T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{c}+$) of the Heisenberg model is presented. Systematic use is made of ratio and Pad\'e-approximant techniques, some of the latter being new. Attention is confined to those nearest-neighbor and order-two equivalent-neighbor models which are based on the simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic lattices. For the face-centered cubic nearest-neighbor classical Heisenberg model, the following estimates are obtained for familiar critical exponents: $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0, \ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{8}<~{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}<~\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{16}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.375\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$, $0.6875<~\ensuremath{\nu}<~0.7125$, $0<~\ensuremath{\eta}<~0.07$. Estimates for $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are also obtained for the other nearest-neighbor and equivalent-neighbor classical Heisenberg models, and it is conjectured that $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1\frac{3}{8}$ may be the exact result in all the cases considered. For the face-centered cubic order-two equivalent-neighbor spin-\textonehalf{} Heisenberg ferromagnet, it is estimated that $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.3744\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0008$. A similar but less precise result is found for the corresponding simple cubic model, and the spin-\textonehalf{} nearest-neighbor susceptibility series are briefly examined. It is suggested that consideration should be given to the possibility that for ferromagnetic Heisenberg interactions $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ has the same value 1381\frac{3}{8}183​ irrespective of spin and the particular three-dimensional nearest-neighbor or finite-order equivalent-neighbor model considered. Other quantities estimated include various Curie points and singularity amplitudes and the critical values of certain thermodynamic functions. Some attention is given to the simple classical Heisenberg antiferromagnet.