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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Random-field Ising model on a Bethe lattice

Robijn Bruinsma

Published Jul 1, 1984• 62 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The ground state of the random-field Ising ferromagnet on a Bethe lattice is found. With decreasing random-field strength an infinite series of spin-flip transitions precedes the onset of ferromagnetism. The $T=0$ critical behavior is not mean-field-like. At finite temperatures a series of Griffiths singularities precedes the phase transition. As $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, the Griffiths singularities terminate at the spin-flip transitions. The $T\ensuremath{\ne}0$ critical behavior is argued to be mean-field-like.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.30.289

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The ground state of the random-field Ising ferromagnet on a Bethe lattice is found. With decreasing random-field strength an infinite series of spin-flip transitions precedes the onset of ferromagnetism. The T=0T=0T=0 critical behavior is not mean-field-like. At finite temperatures a series of Griffiths singularities precedes the phase transition. As T\ensuremath→0T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0T\ensuremath→0, the Griffiths singularities terminate at the spin-flip transitions. The T\ensuremath≠0T\ensuremath{\ne}0T\ensuremath=0 critical behavior is argued to be mean-field-like.
We study the quantum phase transition in the two-dimensional random Ising model in a transverse field by Monte Carlo simulations. We find results similar to those known analytically in one dimension. At the critical point the dynamical exponent is infinite and the typical correlation function decays with a stretched exponential dependence on distance. Away from the critical point there are Griffiths-McCoy singularities, characterized by a single continuously varying exponent, ${z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, which diverges at the critical point, as in one dimension. Consequently, the zero temperature susceptibility diverges for a range of parameters about the transition.
The one-dimensional Ising model in a random field and with power-law decaying ferromagnetic bonds is studied at zero temperature. Comparing the scaling of the energy contributions of the ferromagnetic domain wall flip and of the random field \`a la Imry-Ma, a threshold value for the power $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of the long-range interaction can be determined, beyond which no critical behavior occurs. The critical threshold value is ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}=3/2$, at a difference with the zero field model in which ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}=2$. This prediction is analyzed by numerical computation of the ground states below, at, and above this threshold value. The analogy between the critical behavior of long-range one-dimensional systems and in short-range DDD-dimensional systems is investigated. At the critical threshold value of $\ensuremath{\rho}$, corresponding to the lower critical dimension, numerical evidence is found for a zero temperature transition at a finite critical field. Possible finite size crossover effects are discussed in this case. Some implications for the critical behavior of spin glasses in a field are conjectured.
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Phase transition in d=3d=3d=3 ferromagnetic Ising models with random fields is analyzed directly at the zero-temperature critical point. Critical behavior is extracted from correlation functions averaged over an ensemble of exact ground states obtained with a new integer optimization algorithm. For Gaussian distribution of random fields finite-size scaling demonstrates a continuous phase transition with effective disconnected susceptibility exponent $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\eta}}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}0.9$, correlation-length exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\approx}1.0$, and magnetization exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\approx}0.05$.
A real-space renormalization-group treatment of random transverse-field Ising spin chains that was introduced previously is developed and extensively analyzed. It yields results that are asymptotically exact in the critical region near the zero-temperature para-to-ferromagnetic quantum phase transition. In particular, the exact scaling function is obtained for the magnetization as a function of a uniform applied magnetic field and the distance to the critical point, and up to the solution of a linear ordinary differential equation whose solution can be exhaustively analyzed, the scaling function of the average spin-spin correlation function is also obtained. Thus more exact information is obtainable about the critical behavior for this random model than is known for the pure version which is equivalent to the two-dimensional Ising model. The basic reason for this is the extremely broad distribution of energy scales that occurs at low energies near the critical point of the random system. For the random chain the distribution of the magnetization of the first spin in a semi-infinite system is also studied and the results found to agree in the scaling limit with results of McCoy obtained from the exact solution of the closely related McCoy-Wu Ising model; this provides strong justification for the validity of the present approach. The singular properties of the weakly ordered and weakly disordered ``Griffiths' phases'' that occur at zero temperature near the critical point are also studied, as well as the behavior at low but nonzero temperature. Possible extensions of the results and general lessons drawn from them for other random systems are briefly discussed.
A review is given on some recent developments in the theory of the Ising model in a random field. This model is a good representation of a large number of impure materials. After a short repetition of earlier arguments, which prove the absence of ferromagnetic order in d≤2d\le 2d≤2 space dimensions for uncorrelated random fields, we consider different random field correlations and in particular the generation of uncorrelated from anti-correlated random fields by thermal fluctuations. In discussing the phase transition, we consider the transition to be characterized by a divergent correlation length and compare the critical exponents obtained from various methods (real space RNG, Monte Carlo calculations, weighted mean field theory etc.). The ferromagnetic transition is believed to be preceded by a spin glass transition which manifests itself by replica symmetry breaking. In the discussion of dynamical properties, we concentrate mainly on the zero temperature depinning transition of a domain wall, which represents a critical point far from equilibrium with new scaling relations and critical exponents.