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International Journal of Modern Physics B

INTERACTIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES: MANIPULATING ULTRA–COLD ATOMS WITH LIGHT

Federica Cattani, Arkady V. Kim, M. Lisak, Dan Anderson

Published Jan 16, 2013• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A review of models describing the interactions of ultra-cold atoms and laser light is given. Both semi-classical and fully quantum models are presented with particular attention given to the introduction of local field effects. Some possible effects of self-localization and guiding, consequences of such interactions, are discussed.
DOI
10.1142/s021797921330003x

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•Jan 1, 2003•0 citations
The goal of this article is to review developments regarding the use of ultra-cold atoms as quantum simulators. Special emphasis is placed on relativistic quantum phenomena, which are presumably most interesting for the audience of this journal. After a brief introduction into the main idea of quantum simulators and the basic physics of ultra-cold atoms, relativistic quantum phenomena of linear fields are discussed, including Hawking radiation, the Unruh effect, cosmological particle creation, the Gibbons–Hawking and Ginzburg effects, super-radiance, Sauter–Schwinger and Breit–Wheeler pair creation, as well as the dynamical Casimir effect. After that, the focus is shifted to phenomena of non-linear fields, such as the sine–Gordon model, the Kibble–Zurek mechanism, false-vacuum decay, and quantum back-reaction. In order to place everything into proper context, the basic underlying mechanisms of these phenomena are briefly recapitulated before their simulators are discussed. Even though effort is made to provide a review as fair as possible, there can be no claim of completeness and the selection as well as the relative weights of the topics may well reflect the personal view and taste of the author.
Coherent control of matter waves using mechanical action of an electromagnetic field displays quantum duality at work. Deflecting, focussing and trapping the matter wave or de Broglie wave using optical fields lead us to develop tools to manipulate the matter waves. The emerging field provides a playground to study the newer effects of quantum coherence and quantum interference. The expansion of this area in the last three decades has enabled us to store atoms and cool them to temperatures as low as micro kelvin scale and beyond, leading to experimental realization of Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) and of Fermi degeneracy in ultra-cold. With a focus on graduate students and young researchers, this book discusses the topics that lay the foundation stones of interaction of ultra-cold atoms with optical potentials. Key features • Developed keeping in view latest experimental advancements. • Puts light on newer theoretical advancement. • Explains the text though definitions, and useful diagrams. • Provides necessary examples and problems for the students. • Simple in language, slender, and not voluminous.
Physics of ultra cold atoms and molecules is one of the most rapidly developing areas of the modern atomic, molecular, optical physics and quantum optics.This area covers several sub-areas of diverse importance, but definitely two trends can be easily identifies: i) fundamental research on properties of ultra cold atoms and molecules, and in particular atomic and molecular condensates trapped and lattice gases; here the fundamental questions of nature and form of phase transitions in degenerate systems are being posed and studied; ii) more applications oriented research on ultracold atoms and molecules, involving in particular applications in precision measurements, atomic clocks, frequency standards, atom and molecule interferometry, quantum information, quantum engineering, "super" chemistry etc.This thesis concerns both of these major trends.The applications, or more specifically quantum engineering aspect are discussed in the first four chapters of the thesis, which deal with optical manipulations of ultra cold gases, in particular optical generation of vortices in Bose condensates, quasi-solitons in Fermi gases, and retarded dipole-dipole interactions in Bose, or Fermi gases.This thesis consists of four main chapters.Chapter 2, "Optical generation of vortices in Bose Einstein Condensates".In this chapter we study theoretically the generation of vortices by phase imprinting in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates.Phase imprinting is achieved by passing a short off-resonance laser pulse through an appropriately designed absorption plate, and impinging it on a condensate.We answer the fundamental question of how the circulation and the vortex are introduced into the system, and discuss the creation of vortex arrays.We discuss vortex dynamics and interactions in such configurations.Various methods of vortex detection based on interference combined with Bragg scattering are also analyzed.In Chapter 3, "Fermionic 'Solitons'" we investigate in detail the concept of low energy excitations of ultra cold Fermi gases.This excitations are generated using the same idea of phase imprinting as that employed in the generation of vortices in BEC.We address in this chapter some questions concerning the generation (via phase imprinting) of soliton-like solutions in a single-component Fermi gas of neutral atoms at zero and finite temperatures.By using both numerical and analytical calculations, we find the conditions under which it is possible to find in non-interacting Fermi gases, quasisolitons which resemble the properties of solitons in non-linear integrable equations.We present the results for both spatially homogeneous and trapped cases, and emphasize the importance of Fermi statistics and the absence of interactions for the existence of such solutions.In Chapter 4, "Generating Dipole Condensate" we keep studying the possibilities of optical manipulations of ultracold gases.In particular, we study two different ways to laser-induce dipole-dipole interactions in trapped Bose-Einstein condensates.The first one employs the fact that those atoms in high Rydberg states posses a large dipolar moment.We first analyze the idea of imposing the dipole moment as a time average over short stroboscopic pulses.These pulses are coherently transporting the atoms from the ground atomic state to some high Rydberg state and back.The second idea is based on the observation that in strong static or oscillatory electric fields, atoms polarize and acquire dipole moment.We analyze the possibilities and limitations of inducing such a high electric field using lasers of low frequency.In Chapter 5, "Dipolar BCS", we continue our study of trapped fermionic gases, with the analysis of the BCS transition in trapped dipolar fermionic gases.We find that the critical strength of the dipole-dipole interaction to achieve BCS pairing, depends on the trap geometry.We find the particular form of this dependence, and present the solutions for the order parameter.This first chapter is meant as a general introduction to the thesis.This introduction is by no means exhaustive, and should be rather treated as a collection of basic facts concerning ultra cold gases, without rigorous derivations.The last subsection of the introductory chapter, discusses very briefly the most important achievements and trends in the field and the current state of the art.