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American Journal of Physics

Quantum mechanics with uniform forces

Mark Andrews

Published Nov 18, 2010• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

For a nonrelativistic particle acted on by a spatially uniform but possibly time-dependent force, or for a harmonic oscillator also subject to such a uniform force, the wave function differs from that without the force only by a spatial displacement and a phase factor. The shifts in position and phase are simply derived from a solution of the classical equations of motion.

DOI
10.1119/1.3481703

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For a nonrelativistic particle acted on by a spatially uniform but possibly time-dependent force, or for a harmonic oscillator also subject to such a uniform force, the wave function differs from that without the force only by a spatial displacement and a phase factor. The shifts in position and phase are simply derived from a solution of the classical equations of motion.
The interaction picture of quantum mechanics is used to calculate the unitary time development operator for a harmonic oscillator subject to an arbitrary time-dependent force. The result is identical to that obtained from the more usual method of the Heisenberg equations of motion, except for a phase factor which the Heisenberg picture method is unable to determine. A simplified derivation of the phase factor is given in the adiabatic limit, as well as a discussion of some possible physical effects which would depend upon the phase factor.
Abstract By selecting a right generalized coordinate X, which contains the general solutions of the classical motion equation of a forced damped harmonic oscillator, we obtain a simple Hamiltonian which does not contain time for the oscillator such that Schrödinger equation and its solutions can be directly written out in X representation. The wave functin in x representation are also given with the help of the eigenfunctions of the operator X^ \hat X X^ in x representation. The evolution of ⟨x^⟩ \left\langle {\hat x} \right\rangle ⟨x^⟩ is the same as in the classical mechanics, and the uncertainty in position is independent of an external influence; one part of energy mean is quantized and attenuated, and the other is equal to the classical energy.