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Physical Review A

Accurate 3He polarimetry using the Rb Zeeman frequency shift due to the Rb−3He spin-exchange collisions

Michael V. Romalis, G. D. Cates

Published Oct 1, 1998• 118 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe a method of ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ polarimetry relying on the polarization-dependent frequency shift of the Rb Zeeman resonance. Our method is ideally suited for on-line measurements of the ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ polarization produced by spin-exchange optical pumping. To calibrate the frequency shift we performed an accurate measurement of the imaginary part of the $\mathrm{Rb}{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ spin-exchange cross section in the temperature range typical for spin-exchange optical pumping of ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}.$ We also present a detailed study of possible systematic errors in the frequency shift polarimetry.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.58.3004

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Physical Review A•Sep 1, 1991•80 citations
We describe a method of 3He{}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He polarimetry relying on the polarization-dependent frequency shift of the Rb Zeeman resonance. Our method is ideally suited for on-line measurements of the 3He{}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He polarization produced by spin-exchange optical pumping. To calibrate the frequency shift we performed an accurate measurement of the imaginary part of the Rb\ensuremath−3He\mathrm{Rb}{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}Rb\ensuremath−3He spin-exchange cross section in the temperature range typical for spin-exchange optical pumping of 3He.{}^{3}\mathrm{He}.3He. We also present a detailed study of possible systematic errors in the frequency shift polarimetry.
A spin-exchange optical-pumping experiment to study the temperature dependence of the electron-rubidium spin-exchange cross section is reported. In this experiment, electrons were polarized in a weak magnetic field by spin-exchange collisions with optically pumped Rb atoms. The electron-Rb collisions were the principal source of the electron-spin-resonance linewidth, and they also produced a shift in the resonance frequency. The magnitudes of the linewidth and frequency shift are functions of the electron-Rb-scattering phase shifts. The electron linewidth at fixed Rb density was essentially constant over the temperature range 200-840 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K indicating the spin-exchange cross section is well approximated by a 1v\frac{1}{v}v1​ velocity dependence. The ratio of the frequency shift to linewidth was 0.075\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with an estimated Rb polarization of (20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10)%, and the ratio was 0.027\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 at 600 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with a Rb polarization of (10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5)%.
We report on extensive experimental measurements of the key rates that determine the efficiency for polarizing the nuclei of 3He{}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He by spin exchange with optically pumped Rb vapor. In agreement with recent theoretical predictions, we find a strong temperature dependence of the electron-spin loss rates due to 3HeRb{}^{3}\mathrm{HeRb}3HeRb collisions. We also find that the maximum possible efficiency for spin-exchange polarization of 3He{}^{3}\mathrm{He}3He by K is 10 times greater than for Rb.
The spin-exchange cross section for Rb85{\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}Rb85-Rb87{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}Rb87 collisions has been measured to be (1.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.21)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2 using the techniques of optical pumping and an interferometric method for measuring the Rb vapor density. The Rb87{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}Rb87 constituent in a vapor of natural Rb was polarized through absorption of circularly polarized resonance radiation, and the Rb87{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}Rb87 polarization was partially transferred to the Rb85{\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}Rb85 constituent through spin-exchange collisions. A phenomenological theory of the optical pumping plus the exchange polarization process which neglects nuclear spin was used to relate the cross section to the ratio of the signal strengths for the Rb87{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}Rb87 and Rb85{\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}Rb85 Zeeman resonances, the relaxation time, and the Rb87{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}Rb87 vapor density. The density was measured by comparing spectral profiles of the resonance radiation transmitted through the optical pumping cell at room temperature with the resonance radiation transmitted at the temperature at which the signal strengths were measured. These spectral profiles were obtained through use of a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Hybrid spin-exchange optical pumping is widely used in precision measurements and tests of fundamental physics. In these researches and applications, accurate measurement of the spin polarizations of hybrid alkali atoms and noble gas atoms has a significant role. Here we propose a novel method of measuring the spin polarizations of hybrid K-Rb and21Ne atoms simultaneously. We study the mixture of the slowing-down factors of hybrid alkali atoms due to spin-exchange interactions between hybrid alkali atoms, and the resonance-frequency shift of alkali atoms due to spin-exchange interactions with noble-gas atoms. We investigate the relationship between the hybrid resonance frequency and the polarizations. The spin polarizations of alkali atoms and noble-gas atoms have been measured based on this method, which is from 0.082 to 0.756 and from 0.018 to 0.124 with uncertainties smaller than 10.4 % and 12.7 % respectively. This method is promising for the applications requiring simultaneous and real-time measurement of the polarizations of alkali and noble-gas atoms, such as inertial sensors and tests of fundamental physics.
Abstract Collisions of alkali atoms in the ground state are accompanied by the exchange of electron polarization between the colliding atoms, which lead to the polarization transfer between particles. As a result of this process, the electronic orientation is transferred from the spin oriented atoms to unpolarized atoms, along with the polarization transfer, the magnetic resonance frequency shifts of polarized atoms occur too. In this work the magnetic resonance frequency shifts of arising from spin exchange collisions in a mixture of alkali potassium and rubidium atoms at the optical orientation of atoms are calculated. The situation when optical pumping by resonant polarized radiation is carried out only for atoms of the one kind is considered. The spin exchange process between alkali atoms was described in the formalism of the complex cross section for spin exchange process. The real and imaginary parts of the complex cross section were calculated using the interaction potentials of alkali atom dimers. The calculation of the frequency shifts is carried out on the basis of data on the interaction potentials for the following pairs of alkali atoms K-K, K-Rb and Rb-Rb. Maxwell averaging of the cross sections over the velocities was done and the temperature dependences of the magnetic resonance frequency shifts for K and Rb atoms were plotted.
A cryogenic technique has been used to produce polarized 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He targets of up to relative density p=12 atm (\ensuremath{\approxeq}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1020{10}^{20}1020 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He atoms/cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3; p=1 atm corresponds to 760 Torr or 101.3 kPa pressure at 273 K). In these targets 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He nuclei are polarized by spin-exchange collisions with optically pumped rubidium atoms. From transmission measurements at wavelengths of 790--800 nm, we have determined pressure shifts, linewidths, and line-shape asymmetries for the Rb 5S1/2{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}S1/2​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​ D1 transition. The Rb spin-destruction rate was found to exhibit a quadratic increase versus 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He pressure, which indicates the importance of Rb${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$He${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$He collision processes. The transmission results for circularly polarized light are well described by a model that predicts the dependence of the average Rb polarization on Rb density, 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He pressure, light intensity, and cell geometry. The Rb${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$He spin-exchange cross section, 〈${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{SE}}$v〉=6.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}20}$ cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, was found to be independent of 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He pressure up to p=12.1 atm. Maximum 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He polarizations of 72--79% were observed with cells of 17 cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3 volume that contained 3He^{3}\mathrm{He}3He at p=6--9 atm.