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Physical Review B

Superradiance of nearly condensed excitons in InAs-GaSb coupled quantum wells

Boris Laikhtman, Leonid D. Shvartsman

Published Dec 22, 2005• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We suggest a system of ground state excitons in multiple InAs-GaSb coupled quantum wells as a new source of superradiance. Coupled InAs-GaSb quantum wells can be tuned to a very large wavelength that makes it possible to fabricate a sample with a large number of quantum wells radiating in phase, and in this way to increase the superradiant effect. Depending on the parameters of the system, this superradiance may be a direct analogy of the known Dicke case, or a realization of new type $N$-level superradiance. In the last case, the time dependence of the luminescence presents $N$ decaying peaks. This dependence may be considered as a manifestation of transition to the Bose condensate phase.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.72.245333

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We suggest a system of ground state excitons in multiple InAs-GaSb coupled quantum wells as a new source of superradiance. Coupled InAs-GaSb quantum wells can be tuned to a very large wavelength that makes it possible to fabricate a sample with a large number of quantum wells radiating in phase, and in this way to increase the superradiant effect. Depending on the parameters of the system, this superradiance may be a direct analogy of the known Dicke case, or a realization of new type NNN-level superradiance. In the last case, the time dependence of the luminescence presents NNN decaying peaks. This dependence may be considered as a manifestation of transition to the Bose condensate phase.
It is shown that the transition process to BEC phase of excitons can be manifested as non‐monotonic kinetics of photoluminescence decay. This decay looks as a series of subsequent peaks resulting from superradiance phenomenon. We show that decay of PL of certain InAs‐GaSb coupled quantum wells having, for instance, in average 5 ground state excitons per island may demonstrate up to 5 consecutive maximums followed by exponential decay. This dependence may be considered as a manifestation of transition to the Bose condensate phase. The radiation kinetics of such a system is a generalization of the known two‐level Dicke superradiance to an ensemble of multilevel systems.
In his seminal paper, Dicke demonstrated that a group of emitters in collective states is able to radiate with increased intensity in particular directions with modified decay rates, a phenomenon which he called superradiance. Along with its counterpart, subradiance, this effect has been studied in-depth for the last 60 years. Here, we report a new phenomenon in the collective behavior of coherently driven atoms. We show that the fundamental setup of two atoms coupled to a single-mode cavity can be distinctly exceeding the free-space superradiant behavior of two atoms, a completely new paradigm in the subject, which we call hyperradiance. The phenomenon is further accompanied by strong quantum fluctuations. Surprisingly, hyperradiance arises for atoms radiating out-of-phase, an alleged non-ideal condition, where one expects subradiance. We are able to explain the onset of hyperradiance in a transparent way by a photon cascade taking place among manifolds of Dicke states with different photon numbers under particular out-of-phase coupling conditions.
Recent advances in optical studies of condensed matter systems have led to the emergence of a variety of phenomena that have conventionally been studied in the realm of quantum optics. These studies have not only deepened our understanding of light–matter interactions but have also introduced aspects of many-body correlations inherent in optical processes in condensed matter systems. This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of superradiance (SR), a profound quantum optical process originally predicted by Dicke in 1954. The basic concept of SR applies to a general N body system, where constituent oscillating dipoles couple together through interaction with a common light field and accelerate the radiative decay of the whole system. Hence, the term SR ubiquitously appears in order to describe radiative coupling of an arbitrary number of oscillators in many situations in modern science of both classical and quantum description. In the most fascinating manifestation of SR, known as superfluorescence (SF), an incoherently prepared system of N inverted atoms spontaneously develops macroscopic coherence from vacuum fluctuations and produces a delayed pulse of coherent light whose peak intensity ∝N2. Such SF pulses have been observed in atomic and molecular gases, and their intriguing quantum nature has been unambiguously demonstrated. In this review, we focus on the rapidly developing field of research on SR phenomena in solids, where not only photon-mediated coupling (as in atoms) but also strong Coulomb interactions and ultrafast scattering processes exist. We describe SR and SF in molecular centers in solids, molecular aggregates and crystals, quantum dots, and quantum wells. In particular, we will summarize a series of studies we have recently performed on semiconductor quantum wells in the presence of a strong magnetic field. In one type of experiment, electron-hole pairs were incoherently prepared, but a macroscopic polarization spontaneously emerged and cooperatively decayed, emitting an intense SF burst. In another type of experiment, we observed the SR decay of coherent cyclotron resonance of ultrahigh-mobility 2D electron gases, leading to a decay rate that is proportional to the electron density. These results show that cooperative effects in solid-state systems are not merely small corrections that require exotic conditions to be observed; rather, they can dominate the nonequilibrium dynamics and light emission processes of the entire system of interacting electrons.
The Dicke model and the superradiance of two-level systems in a radiation field have many applications. Recently, a Dicke quantum phase transition has been realized with a Bose-Einstein condensate in a cavity. We numerically solve the many-body Schrödinger equation and study correlations in the ground state of interacting bosons in a cavity as a function of the strength of a driving laser. Beyond a critical strength, the bosons occupy multiple modes macroscopically while remaining superradiant. This fragmented superradiance can be detected by analyzing the variance of single-shot measurements.
Fully-excited two-level atoms separated by less than the transition wavelength cooperatively emit light in a short burst, a phenomenon called superradiance by R. Dicke in 1954. The burst is characterized by a maximum intensity scaling with the square of the number of atoms NNN and a temporal width reduced by NNN compared to the single atom spontaneous decay time. Both effects are usually attributed to a synchronization of the electric dipole moments of the atoms occurring during the process of light emission. Contrary to this explanation, it was recently shown by use of a quantum path description that the peak intensity results from the quantum correlations among the atoms when occupying symmetric Dicke states. Here we investigate from this perspective the temporal evolution of the ensemble, starting in the small sample limit, i.e., when the atoms have mutual separations much smaller than the transition wavelength λλλ and pass down the ladder of symmetric Dicke states. In addition, we explore the temporal evolution for the case of non-interacting atoms with mutual separations much larger than λλλ. We show that in this case a similar superradiant burst of the emitted radiation is observed if the quantum correlations of the atoms are generated by conditional photon measurements retaining the atomic ensemble within or close to the symmetric subspace.