We propose a simple approach to predict the angular momentum I ground state
(I g.s.) probabilities of many-body systems that does not require the diagonalization of Hamiltonians with random interactions. This method is found to be applicable to all cases that have been discussed: even and odd fermion systems (both in single-
j and many-
j shells), and boson (both
sd and
sdg) systems. A simple relation for the highest angular momentum g.s. probability is found. Furthermore, it is suggested for the first time that the 0 g.s. dominance in boson systems and in even-fermion systems is given by two-body interactions with specific features.
In this paper we discuss in detail the
P(I)′s, angular momentum I probabilities in the ground states, of many-body systems interacting via a two-body random ensemble (TBRE). In particular, we extensively apply an approach introduced in an earlier paper and compare the predicted
P(I)′s with those obtained by diagonalizing a TBRE Hamiltonian. We begin with a few solvable cases, such as fermions in a small single-
j shell and d boson systems, where elegant agreements between the predicted
P(I)′s and those obtained by diagonalizing a TBRE Hamiltonian are achieved. We find that d boson systems systematically present counterexamples of angular momentum 0 ground state dominance when the number of d bosons is $6\ensuremath{\kappa}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ with $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ a natural number, which suggests that certain fundamental symmetry (say, time reversal invariance) of the Hamiltonian cannot ensure the occurrence of angular momentum 0 ground state dominance. Next, we apply the same approach to more complicated cases, such as even or odd number of fermions in a large single-
j shell or a many-
j shell,
sd-boson or
sdg-boson systems, etc. We find that the simple approach proposed in an earlier paper is also well applicable, and thus it is a universal approach. The numerical experiments provide a guideline to tell which interactions are essential to produce a sizable
P(I) in a many-body system. This disproves a popular idea that the angular momentum 0 ground state (0 g.s.) dominance may be independent of two-body interactions. Some matrix elements which are useful to understand the observed regularities are given or addressed in detail. In this paper we also report a synchronous staggering between the 0 g.s. probabilities of even numbers of fermions in a single-
j shells and j g.s. probabilities of odd numbers of fermions in a single-
j shell when j is small. The low seniority chain of 0 g.s. using the same set of two-body interactions is confirmed, but it is noted that contribution to the total 0 g.s. probability beyond this chain may be more important for even numbers of fermions in a single-
j shell. Some interesting results taking a displaced two-body random ensemble are presented for the I ground state probabilities.
In this paper, we report our systematic calculations of angular momentum I ground state probabilities
P(I) of boson systems with spin l in the presence of random two-body interactions. It is found that the
P(0) dominance is usually not true for a system with an odd number of bosons, while it is valid for an even number of bosons, which indicates that the
P(0) dominance is partly connected to the even number of identical particles. It is also noticed that the
P(Imax)'s of bosons with spin l do not follow the
1/N (N=l+1, referring to the number of independent two-body matrix elements) relation. The properties of the
P(I)'s obtained in boson systems with spin l are discussed.
The ground states of all even-even nuclei have angular momentum equal to zero, I = 0, and positive parity, π = +. This feature was believed to be a consequence of the attractive short-range interaction between nucleons. However, a predominance of I π = 0 + ground states was discovered in 1998 using the two-body random ensemble. Since then many efforts have been devoted to understanding and solving this problem from a lot of viewpoints. Still, the underlying physical origin of the I π = 0 + dominance has not been fully understood. Our recent progress in understanding the 0 + dominance of many-body systems is shown.
All nuclei with even numbers of protons and of neutrons have ground states with zero angular momentum. This is ascribed to the pairing force between nucleons, but simulations with random interactions suggest a much broader many-body phenomenon. In this Letter I project out random Hermitian matrices that have good quantum numbers and, computing the width of the Hamiltonian in subspaces, find ground states dominated by low quantum numbers, e.g. J=0. Furthermore I find odd-
Z, odd-
N systems with isospin conservation have relatively fewer J=0 ground states.