Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of Applied Physics

Effect of anisotropy on atomic fluorescence: Influence on the detection of a hyperfine transition in a cesium beam

G. Théobald, N. Dimarcq, V. Giordano, A. Hamel, P. Cérez

Published Nov 15, 1989• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The problem of the fluorescence anisotropy resulting from alignment in the excited state is investigated in the case of a cesium beam illuminated by a broadband laser diode tuned to the cesium D2 line. Its effect on the collection efficiency is derived when photon fluorescence collection is performed inside a small solid angle about the quantization axis. Excitation schemes leading to a noticeable increase of the fluorescence yield are pointed out and experimental results agree quite well with the predictions.

DOI
10.1063/1.343811

Related papers

Evidencing the Hanle Effect with Polarization Spectroscopy for the D2 Line of Cesium

Gabriel Jiménez, Jose Mejía, Mayerlin Núñez Portela

Hanle effect is evidenced in a polarization spectroscopy scheme for the cesium D2 line. The effect is observed in the anisotropy signal for the F = 4 → F′ = 5 hyperfine transition. Results are promising for applications in quantum magnetometry.

Frontiers in Optics•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations

Resonance fluorescence line polarization studies of laser excited sodium transitions

Xian-Kun Meng

The resonant excitation of the sodium D2 transition by laser radiation was investigated experimentally in this thesis. Line polarization measurement of the resonance fluorescence was employed to investigate the excitation process. The sodium atoms, which were collimated in a very narrow beam, were excited by a monochromatic laser beam with the frequency tuned to resonance with the 32S 112(F=2) - 32P312 hyperfine transition. The direction of the laser beam was perpendicular to the atomic beam and the fluorescence photons were detected along a direction perpendicular to both the laser and atomic beams. The experimental measurements were performed to determine the effect due to the variation of the laser intensity and frequency on the line polarization. A theoretical expression of the line polarization as a function of density matrix elements of the upper excited hyperfine sub -states was derived. A full quantum electrodynamic theory was used to derive an atomic operator equation of motion which was needed to calculate atomic operator elements. These elements then yielded the corresponding density matrix elements. The experimental results and the theoretical modelling were in a good agreement. The first experimental results for the line polarization of the highly excited states, 42D512 and 42D312, are also presented. The use of two lasers enabled these highly excited states to be excited. The line polarization of the fluorescence for transitions from the 4D level down to lower states is derived in terms of the density matrix elements of the upper excited states. Two limiting cases for the theoretical predictions of the line polarization are considered.

•Jan 1, 1991•0 citations

Absorption and fluorescence in saturation regime of Cs-vapor layer with thickness close to the light wavelength

P. Todorov, Kapka Vaseva, S. Cartaleva +3 more

Absorption and fluorescent spectra are obtained in saturation regime of a single beam laser spectroscopy of Cesium D2 line, in a vapor layer with thickness close to the light wavelength. We compare experimentally and theoretically obtained spectra distinguishing between open and closed, in terms of optical pumping, hyperfine transitions. In absorption, we observe a persisting difference between open and closed transitions, in terms of Dicke narrowing, when increasing laser light intensity. In fluorescence, for open transitions we note saturation dips which do not change significantly when increasing intensity. In case of closed transition, a small feature at the fluorescence line center appears for relatively high light intensity.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Dec 22, 2008•2 citations

Line polarization of laser-excited Na D2 -transition resonance fluorescence

X-K. Meng, W. R. MacGillivray, M. C. Standage

The sodium ${\mathit{D}}_{2}$ transition is resonantly excited by \ensuremath{\pi}-polarized, narrow-band laser radiation. The line polarization of the resulting fluorescence detected normally to the plane containing the electric-field vector of the radiation and its propagation direction, as well as the atomic beam, is measured as a function of radiation intensity and tuning. The data are compared to calculations from a quantum-electrodynamic theory which includes all participating energy states in the hyperfine representation. The quantitative agreement is very good.

Physical Review A•Feb 1, 1992•16 citations

Enhancement of the quantum efficiency of a fluorescence cesium filter

V. N. Kulyasov, В. Б. Шилов, Г. М. Ермолаева +1 more

The dependence of the quantum efficiency of fluorescence cesium vapor filters, which allow one to select with a high contrast the desired narrow-band signal against the background of broadband (solar) radiation, is studied. The most important characteristic of such filters, apart from the spectral band, is the quantum efficiency; i.e., the ratio of the number of florescent photons to the number of absorbed photons of excitation. It is experimentally shown that addition of a buffer gas to working cesium atoms can substantially increase the quantum efficiency as compared with that of working atoms in vacuum. The dependence of the quantum efficiency on the characteristic of transitions that are involved in population of atomic levels from which fluorescence occurs, and the processes resulting in an increase in the quantum efficiency of atomic fluorescence filters are considered.

Optics and Spectroscopy•Apr 1, 2013•3 citations

Sub-Doppler Spectral Resolution and Improved Sensitivity in a Cesium Resonance Fluorescence Imaging Monochromator

Nathan C. Pixley, Tiffany L. Correll, Dimitri Pappas +2 more

Improvements in spectral resolution and sensitivity of a cesium based resonance fluorescence imaging monochromator (RFIM) are described. Alignment of the two lasers used in the excitation scheme in a co-propagating geometry have resulted in a detector spectral bandpass (270 MHz) that is narrower than the Doppler broadened profile (380 MHz) of cesium vapor at room temperature. Improvements in the experimental design, namely the addition of an image intensifier and cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, have resulted in increased sensitivity; we report a limit of detection of 10 8 photons per pixel limited by image intensifier noise. Images of the cesium D 2 line emission (852.12 nm) from a cesium hollow cathode lamp were compared to an argon emission line (4Sº 1/2 → 4P 3/2 ) at 852.14 nm from a silver/argon hollow cathode lamp as a demonstration of the spectral resolution. The ability of the RFIM to discriminate between photons exciting the F = 4 vs. F = 3 ground state hyperfine level (a frequency difference of 9.2 GHz) of the cesium 6 2 S 1/2 state was also investigated to further demonstrate the spectral selectivity. The potential use of the described RFIM for chemical imaging applications is discussed.

Applied Spectroscopy•Jun 1, 2002•10 citations
The problem of the fluorescence anisotropy resulting from alignment in the excited state is investigated in the case of a cesium beam illuminated by a broadband laser diode tuned to the cesium D2 line. Its effect on the collection efficiency is derived when photon fluorescence collection is performed inside a small solid angle about the quantization axis. Excitation schemes leading to a noticeable increase of the fluorescence yield are pointed out and experimental results agree quite well with the predictions.
The resonant excitation of the sodium D2 transition by laser radiation was investigated experimentally in this thesis. Line polarization measurement of the resonance fluorescence was employed to investigate the excitation process. The sodium atoms, which were collimated in a very narrow beam, were excited by a monochromatic laser beam with the frequency tuned to resonance with the 32S 112(F=2) - 32P312 hyperfine transition. The direction of the laser beam was perpendicular to the atomic beam and the fluorescence photons were detected along a direction perpendicular to both the laser and atomic beams. The experimental measurements were performed to determine the effect due to the variation of the laser intensity and frequency on the line polarization. A theoretical expression of the line polarization as a function of density matrix elements of the upper excited hyperfine sub -states was derived. A full quantum electrodynamic theory was used to derive an atomic operator equation of motion which was needed to calculate atomic operator elements. These elements then yielded the corresponding density matrix elements. The experimental results and the theoretical modelling were in a good agreement. The first experimental results for the line polarization of the highly excited states, 42D512 and 42D312, are also presented. The use of two lasers enabled these highly excited states to be excited. The line polarization of the fluorescence for transitions from the 4D level down to lower states is derived in terms of the density matrix elements of the upper excited states. Two limiting cases for the theoretical predictions of the line polarization are considered.
Absorption and fluorescent spectra are obtained in saturation regime of a single beam laser spectroscopy of Cesium D2 line, in a vapor layer with thickness close to the light wavelength. We compare experimentally and theoretically obtained spectra distinguishing between open and closed, in terms of optical pumping, hyperfine transitions. In absorption, we observe a persisting difference between open and closed transitions, in terms of Dicke narrowing, when increasing laser light intensity. In fluorescence, for open transitions we note saturation dips which do not change significantly when increasing intensity. In case of closed transition, a small feature at the fluorescence line center appears for relatively high light intensity.
The sodium D2{\mathit{D}}_{2}D2​ transition is resonantly excited by \ensuremath{\pi}-polarized, narrow-band laser radiation. The line polarization of the resulting fluorescence detected normally to the plane containing the electric-field vector of the radiation and its propagation direction, as well as the atomic beam, is measured as a function of radiation intensity and tuning. The data are compared to calculations from a quantum-electrodynamic theory which includes all participating energy states in the hyperfine representation. The quantitative agreement is very good.
The dependence of the quantum efficiency of fluorescence cesium vapor filters, which allow one to select with a high contrast the desired narrow-band signal against the background of broadband (solar) radiation, is studied. The most important characteristic of such filters, apart from the spectral band, is the quantum efficiency; i.e., the ratio of the number of florescent photons to the number of absorbed photons of excitation. It is experimentally shown that addition of a buffer gas to working cesium atoms can substantially increase the quantum efficiency as compared with that of working atoms in vacuum. The dependence of the quantum efficiency on the characteristic of transitions that are involved in population of atomic levels from which fluorescence occurs, and the processes resulting in an increase in the quantum efficiency of atomic fluorescence filters are considered.
Improvements in spectral resolution and sensitivity of a cesium based resonance fluorescence imaging monochromator (RFIM) are described. Alignment of the two lasers used in the excitation scheme in a co-propagating geometry have resulted in a detector spectral bandpass (270 MHz) that is narrower than the Doppler broadened profile (380 MHz) of cesium vapor at room temperature. Improvements in the experimental design, namely the addition of an image intensifier and cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, have resulted in increased sensitivity; we report a limit of detection of 10 8 photons per pixel limited by image intensifier noise. Images of the cesium D 2 line emission (852.12 nm) from a cesium hollow cathode lamp were compared to an argon emission line (4Sº 1/2 → 4P 3/2 ) at 852.14 nm from a silver/argon hollow cathode lamp as a demonstration of the spectral resolution. The ability of the RFIM to discriminate between photons exciting the F = 4 vs. F = 3 ground state hyperfine level (a frequency difference of 9.2 GHz) of the cesium 6 2 S 1/2 state was also investigated to further demonstrate the spectral selectivity. The potential use of the described RFIM for chemical imaging applications is discussed.