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The Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Laser-Controlled Fluorescence in Two-Level Systems

Jamie M. Leeder, David S. Bradshaw, Davıd L. Andrews

Published Dec 8, 2010• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The ability to modify the character of fluorescent emission by a laser-controlled, optically nonlinear process has recently been shown theoretically feasible, and several possible applications have already been identified. In operation, a pulse of off-resonant probe laser beam, of sufficient intensity, is applied to a system exhibiting fluorescence, during the interval of excited-state decay following the initial excitation. The result is a rate of decay that can be controllably modified, the associated changes in fluorescence behavior affording new, chemically specific information. In this paper, a two-level emission model is employed in the further analysis of this all-optical process; the results should prove especially relevant to the analysis and imaging of physical systems employing fluorescent markers, these ranging from quantum dots to green fluorescence protein. Expressions are presented for the laser-controlled fluorescence anisotropy exhibited by samples in which the fluorophores are randomly oriented. It is also shown that, in systems with suitably configured electronic levels and symmetry properties, fluorescence emission can be produced from energy levels that would normally decay nonradiatively.

DOI
10.1021/jp108142j

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The ability to modify the character of fluorescent emission by a laser-controlled, optically nonlinear process has recently been shown theoretically feasible, and several possible applications have already been identified. In operation, a pulse of off-resonant probe laser beam, of sufficient intensity, is applied to a system exhibiting fluorescence, during the interval of excited-state decay following the initial excitation. The result is a rate of decay that can be controllably modified, the associated changes in fluorescence behavior affording new, chemically specific information. In this paper, a two-level emission model is employed in the further analysis of this all-optical process; the results should prove especially relevant to the analysis and imaging of physical systems employing fluorescent markers, these ranging from quantum dots to green fluorescence protein. Expressions are presented for the laser-controlled fluorescence anisotropy exhibited by samples in which the fluorophores are randomly oriented. It is also shown that, in systems with suitably configured electronic levels and symmetry properties, fluorescence emission can be produced from energy levels that would normally decay nonradiatively.
In the optical excitation of many nanoscale systems, the primary result of photon absorption is an electronic excitation that is typically followed by ultrafast relaxation processes. The losses associated with such relaxation generally produce a partial degradation of the optical energy acquired, before any ensuing photon emission occurs. Recent work has shown that the intensity and directional character of such emission may be significantly influenced through engagement with a completely off-resonant probe laser beam of sufficient intensity: the mechanism for this optical coupling is a secondorder nonlinearity. It is anticipated that the facility to actively control fluorescent emission in this way may lead to new opportunities in a variety of applications where molecular chromophores or quantum dots are used. In the latter connection it should prove possible to exploit the particle size dependence of the nonlinear optical dispersion, as well as that of the emission wavelength. Specific characteristics of the effect are calculated, and suitable experimental implementations of the mechanism are proposed. We anticipate that this all-optical control device may introduce significant new perspectives to fluorescence imaging techniques and other analytical applications.
Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy is now a well-established technique, currently attracting much interest across all fields of biophysics - especially with regard to enhanced focal resolution. The fundamental mechanism behind the technique, identified and understood through the application of quantum theory, reveals new optical polarization features that can be exploited to increase the information content of images from biological samples. In another development, based on a newly discovered, fundamentally related mechanism, it emerges the passage of off-resonant probe laser pulses may characteristically modify the intensity of single-photon fluorescence, and its associated optical polarization behavior. Here, the probe essentially confers optical nonlinearity on the decay transition, affording a means of optical control over the fluorescent emission. Compared to a catalogue of other laser-based techniques widely used in the life sciences, most suffer limitations reflecting the exploitation of specifically lifetime-associated features; the new optical control mechanism promises to be more generally applicable for the determination of kinetic data. Again, there is a prospect of improving spatial resolution, non-intrusively. It is anticipated that tight directionality can be imposed on single-photon fluorescence emission, expediting the development of new imaging applications. In addition, varying the optical frequency of the probe beam can add another dimension to the experimental parameter space. This affords a means of differentiating between molecular species with strongly overlapping fluorescence spectra, on the basis of their differential nonlinear optical properties. Such techniques significantly extend the scope and the precision of spatial and temporal information accessible from fluorescence studies.
We present a quantum electrodynamical procedure to demonstrate the all-optical control of molecular fluorescence. The effect is achieved on passage of an off-resonant laser beam through an optically activated system; the presence of a surface is not required. Following the derivation and analysis of the all-optical control mechanism, calculations are given to quantify the significant modification of spontaneous fluorescent emission with input laser irradiance. Specific results are given for molecules whose electronic spectra are dominated by transitions between three electronic levels, and suitable laser experimental methods are proposed. It is also shown that the phenomenon is sensitive to the handedness of circularly polarized throughput, producing a conferred form of optical activity.
Abstract We discuss the statistics of emission of photons by a single atom or ion illuminated by a laser beam at the frequency of quasi-resonance between two energy levels, a situation that corresponds to real experiments. We extend this to the case of two laser beams resonant with the energy differences between two excited levels and the ground state (three level atom in V-configuration). We use a novel approach to this type of problem by considering a Kolmogorov equation for the probability distribution of the atomic state, which takes into account first the deterministic evolution of this state under the effect of the incoming laser beam and second the random emission of photons during the spontaneous decay of the excited state(s) to the ground state. This approach yields solvable equations in the two level atom case. For the three level atom case we set the problem and clearly define its frame. The results obtained are valid in both opposite limits of rare and frequent spontaneous decay, compared to the period of the optical Rabi oscillations due to the interaction between resonant excitation and atomic levels. Our analysis gives access to various statistical properties of the fluorescence light, including one showing that its fluctuations in time are not invariants under time reversal. This result makes evident the fundamentally irreversible character of quantum measurements, represented here by the emission of photons of fluorescence.
The possibility of the phase control for the excitation of a quantum system in the discrete spectrum under the action of a short high-intensity laser pulse with a controlled phase is theoretically analyzed. The analysis is performed using the example of the simplest two-level system (TLS) employing a numerical solution to equations for the optical Bloch vector. It is demonstrated that the excitation probability and the mean dipole moment of the quantum system, which determine the normal luminescence and the superradiance in the TLS ensemble, respectively, substantially depend on the phase of the laser pulse for relatively short and powerful laser pulses.
The theory of non-resonant optical processes with intrinsic optical nonlinearity, such as harmonic generation, has been widely understood since the advent of the laser. In general, such effects involve multiphoton interactions that change the population of each input optical mode or modes. However, nonlinear effects can also arise through the input of an off-resonant laser beam that itself emerges unchanged. Many such effects have been largely overlooked. Using a quantum electrodynamical framework, this review provides detail on such optically nonlinear mechanisms that allow for a controlled increase or decrease in the intensity of linear absorption and fluorescence and in the efficiency of resonance energy transfer. The rate modifications responsible for these effects were achieved by the simultaneous application of an off-resonant beam with a moderate intensity, acting in a sense as an optical catalyst, conferring a new dimension of optical nonlinearity upon photoactive materials. It is shown that, in certain configurations, these mechanisms provide the basis for all-optical switching, i.e., the control of light-by-light, including an optical transistor scheme. The conclusion outlines other recently proposed all-optical switching systems.