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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Optical lattice clock with spin-polarized87Sr atoms

Xavier Baillard, Mathilde Fouché, Rodolphe Le Targat, Philip G. Westergaard, Arnaud Lecallier, Jérôme Lodewyck, Fréderic Chapelet, Michel Abgrall, Daniele Rovera, Philippe Laurent, P. Rosenbusch, S. Bize, Giorgio Santarelli, André Clairon, P. Lemonde, Gesine Grosche, B. Lipphardt, H. Schnatz

Published Sep 9, 2007• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report on the evaluation of an optical lattice clock using fermionic 87Sr. The measured frequency of the 1S0 → 3P0 clock transition is 429 228 004 229 873.7Hz with a fractional acuracy of 2.6 × 10-15. This evaluation is performed on mF = ±9/2 spin-polarized atoms. This technique also enables to evaluate the value of the differential Landé factor, 110.6Hz/G. by probing symmetrical σ-transitions.

DOI
10.1117/12.768810

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Sep 13, 2007•0 citations
We report on the evaluation of an optical lattice clock using fermionic 87Sr. The measured frequency of the 1S0 → 3P0 clock transition is 429 228 004 229 873.7Hz with a fractional acuracy of 2.6 × 10-15. This evaluation is performed on mF = ±9/2 spin-polarized atoms. This technique also enables to evaluate the value of the differential Landé factor, 110.6Hz/G. by probing symmetrical σ-transitions.
We review recent experimental progress concerning the 87Sr optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center in China. Hertz-level spectroscopy of the 87Sr clock transition for the optical lattice clock was performed, and closed-loop operation of the optical lattice clock was realized. A fractional frequency instability of 2.8 × 10−17 was attained for an averaging time of 2000 s. The Allan deviation is found to be 1.6 × 10−15/τ1/2 and is limited mainly by white-frequency-noise. The Landé g-factors of the (5s2)1S0 and (5s5p)3P0 states in 87Sr were measured experimentally; they are important for evaluating the clock’s Zeeman shifts. We also present recent work on the miniaturization of the strontium optical lattice clock for space applications.
We demonstrate a spin-polarized clock transition spectrum of the 87Sr optical lattice clock. The clock transition 5s2 1S05s5p 3P0 of isotope 87Sr has a hyperfine structure due to non-zero nuclear spin, inducing ten -polarized transitions from each individual mF state under the condition of a bias magnetic field along the probing polarization axis. In this experiment, atoms are driven to a certain mF state by a circular-polarization pump light to maximize the atomic population, which is beneficial to the stability and uncertainty evaluation of the optical lattice clock. After two stages cooling and trapping, about 3.5106 atoms are trapped in the red magneto-optical trap with a temperature of 3.9 K. A grating-feedback external cavity diode laser with a tapered amplifier is used to build the optical lattice with a magic-wavelength of 813.426 nm. Both waists of the counter-propagating lattice beam along the horizontal direction are overlapped to form a one-dimensional (1D) optical lattice. The lifetime of the atoms trapped in the 1D optical lattice is 1600 ms. The clock laser at 698 nm is a grating-feedback diode laser, which is locked to an ultra-low expansion cavity by the Pound-Drever-Hall technique to stabilize the frequency and phase. As a result, the linewidth of clock laser is narrowed to Hz level. By the normalized shelving method, we obtain a resolved sideband spectrum of 87Sr 5s2 1S05s5p 3P0 transition. According to the spectrum, the lattice temperature along the longitudinal direction is approximately 4.2 K. After that a linewidth of 6.7 Hz of the degenerate clock transition is obtained at a probing time of 150 ms by utilizing a three-dimensional (3D) bias magnetic field, which is used to eliminate the stray magnetic fields. Then a small bias magnetic field of 300 mGs is applied along the polarization axis of the lattice light to achieve the spectrum of Zeeman magnetic sublevels of the clock transition. Furthermore, the mF=+9/2 and mF=-9/2 magnetic sublevels are picked to be respectively pumped by the +-polarized and --polarized light at 689 nm, a variable liquid crystal wave plate is employed to switch on both polarizations. Finally, the spin polarized clock transition spectrum is obtained at the interrogating pulse of 150 ms, and the linewidths of the mF=+9/2, mF=-9/2 magnetic sublevel transitions are 6.8 Hz and 6.2 Hz respectively.
The authors report the observation of the hyperpolarizability frequency shift due to the trapping field in a87Sr optical lattice clock. The authors show that at the magic wavelength of the lattice, where the first order term cancels, this higher order shift will not constitute a limitation to the fractional accuracy of the clock down to the 10-18level. This result is achieved by operating the clock at very high trapping intensity up to 400 kW/cm2and by a specific study of the effect of the two two-photon transitions near the magic wavelength. The authors also report an accurate frequency measurement of the clock transition. The frequency is determined to be v1S0-3P0= 429 228 004 229 879 (5) Hz with a fractional uncertainty that is comparable to state-of-the-art optical clocks with neutral atoms in free fall
Recent results from the JILA 87Sr optical lattice clock are presented. Using the tight confinement of an optical lattice in combination wit a sub-Hz linewidth diode laser we have achieved a pulse-length limited linewidth of 1.8 Hz for the 1S0- 3P0 clock transition. This corresponds to a quality factor of Q ≈ 2.4 x 1014, and is a record for coherent spectroscopy. With the addition of a small magnetic bias field, the high line Q of the clock transition has also allowed us to resolve the nuclear-spin sublevels, and make a precision measurement of the differential Landé g-factor between the 1S0 and 3P0. We present the current accuracy and stability of the lattice clock, and in addition, we report on our development of precision tools for the lattice clock, including a stabilized clock laser, fs-comb based technology allowing accurate clock comparison in both the microwave and optical domains, and clock transfer over an optical fiber in an urban environment.