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Comptes Rendus Physique

Quantum optical effects in semiconductor microcavities

E. Giacobino, Jean‐Philippe Karr, Gaétan Messin, Hichem Eleuch, A. Baas

Published Jan 1, 2002• 64 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Investigations of quantum effects in semiconductor quantum-well microcavities interacting with laser light in the strong-coupling regime are presented. Modifications of quantum fluctuations of the outgoing light are expected due to the non-linearity originating from coherent exciton–exciton scattering. In the strong-coupling regime, this scattering translates into a four-wave mixing interaction between the mixed exciton–photon states, the polaritons. Squeezing and giant amplification of the polariton field and of the outgoing light field fluctuations are predicted. However, polariton–phonon scattering is shown to yield excess noise in the output field, which may destroy the non-classical effects. Experiments demonstrate evidence for giant amplification due to coherent four-wave mixing of polaritons. Noise reduction below the thermal noise level was also observed.

DOI
10.1016/s1631-0705(02)01302-6

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•May 6, 2003•0 citations
Investigations of quantum effects in semiconductor quantum-well microcavities interacting with laser light in the strong-coupling regime are presented. Modifications of quantum fluctuations of the outgoing light are expected due to the non-linearity originating from coherent exciton–exciton scattering. In the strong-coupling regime, this scattering translates into a four-wave mixing interaction between the mixed exciton–photon states, the polaritons. Squeezing and giant amplification of the polariton field and of the outgoing light field fluctuations are predicted. However, polariton–phonon scattering is shown to yield excess noise in the output field, which may destroy the non-classical effects. Experiments demonstrate evidence for giant amplification due to coherent four-wave mixing of polaritons. Noise reduction below the thermal noise level was also observed.
A theoretical investigation of cavity QED effects in semiconductor microcavities containing quantum wells is presented. A model Hamiltonian is used to derive equations of motion for the quantum photon and exciton fields in the cavity. Quantum effects such as squeezing and antibunching are predicted in the light field going out of the cavity under irradiation by a coherent laser field, if exciton-phonon scattering is weak enough. Exciton-phonon scattering is shown to destroy the nonclassical effects and to yield excess noise in the output field.
The quantum correlations between the beams generated by polariton pair scattering in a semiconductor microcavity above the parametric oscillation threshold are computed analytically. The influence of various parameters, including the cavity-exciton detuning, the intensity mismatch between the signal and idler beams, and the amount of spurious noise, is analyzed. We show that very strong quantum correlations between the signal and idler polaritons can be achieved. However, the quantum effects in the outgoing light fields are strongly reduced due to the large mismatch in the coupling of the signal and idler polaritons to the external photons.
We analyze the hyper Raman scattering process in a quantum well grown inside a semiconductor microcavity and present a microscopic calculation of emission spectra as a function of excitation energy, detuning, and angles. The exciton-photon coupling is treated non-perturbatively to include polariton effects and the Coulomb interaction between electrons is treated beyond the mean field approximation. The observation of hyper Raman scattering in semiconductor microcavities would represent an important step for the realization of non-classical optical states based on excitons. We find that the polaritons emitted in this scattering process are strongly correlated. This correlation,can be efficiently transferred to output photons, resulting in emission of two correlated non-classical light beams. As a probe of the quantum correlation we calculate the output spectrum of fluctuations in the intensity difference of the two beams generated in the hyper Raman process.
Squeezed light is a particularly useful quantum resource, which finds broad applications in quantum information processing, quantum metrology and sensing, and biological measurements. Here we show how to produce squeezed light exploiting the strong exciton–phonon nonlinear interaction in a semiconductor microcavity. The semiconductor microcavity is embedded with a quantum well, which supports both linear and nonlinear interactions among excitons, phonons, and cavity photons. We show that the strong exciton–phonon deformation potential interaction can induce a quadrature-squeezed cavity output field, and further reveal an important role of the exciton–photon coupling in engineering the squeezing spectrum and improving the robustness of the squeezing against thermal noise. Our results indicate that substantial optical squeezing in a broad band, up to tens of gigahertz, can be achieved using currently available parameters.
We report squeezed polariton generation using parametric polariton four-wave mixing in semiconductor microcavities in thestrong coupling regime. The geometry of the experiment corresponds to degenerate four-wave mixing, which gives rise to abistability threshold. Spatial effects in the nonlinear regime are evidenced, and spatial filtering is required in orderto optimize the measured squeezing. By measuring the noise of the outgoing light, we infer a 9 percent squeezing on thepolariton field close to the bistability turning point.