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Russian Physics Journal

Observation of NQR with the aid of sequences of coherent pulses

Мозжухин Георгий Владимирович, V. P. Anferov, Вадим Сергеевич Гречишкин, I. Ya. Sinyavskii

Published Jan 1, 1986• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf00892553

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Sensitive radio-frequency (rf) amplifiers based on dc Superconducting QUantum Interface Devices (SQUIDS) are available for frequencies up to 200 MHz. At 4.2 K, the gain and noise temperature of a typical tuned amplifier are 18.6 +- 0.5 dB and 1.7 +- 0.5 K at 93 MHz. These amplifiers are being applied to a series of novel experiments on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR). The high sensitivity of these amplifiers was demonstrated in the observation of ''nuclear spin noise'', the emission of photons by /sup 35/Cl nuclei in a state of zero polarization. In the more conventional experiments in which one applies a large rf pulse to the spins, a Q-spoiler, consisting of a series array of Josephson junctions, is used to reduce the Q of the input circuit to a very low value during the pulse. The Q-spoiler enables the circuit to recover quickly after the pulse, and has been used in an NQR experiment to achieve a sensitivity of about 2 /times/ 10/sup 16/ nuclear Bohr magnetons in a single free precession signal with a bandwidth of 10 kHz. In a third experiment, a sample containing /sup 35/Cl nuclei was placed in a capacitor and the signal detected electrically using a tuned SQUID amplifier and Q-spoiler. In this way, the electrical polarization induced by the precessing Cl nuclear quadrupole moments was detected: this is the inverse of the Stark effect in NQR. Two experiments involving NMR have been carried out. In the first, the 30 MHz resonance in /sup 119/Sn nuclei is detected with a tuned amplifier and Q-spoiler, and a single pulse resolution of 10/sup 18/ nuclear Bohr magnetons in a bandwidth of 25 kHz has been achieved. For the second, a low frequency NMR system has been developed that uses an untuned input circuit coupled to the SQUID. The resonance in /sup 195/Pt nuclei has been observed at 55 kHz in a field of 60 gauss. 23 refs., 11 figs.
We present an open-source software for simulation of observables in magnetic resonance experiments, including nuclear magnetic/quadrupole resonance NMR/NQR and electron spin resonance (ESR). Inspired by magnetic resonance protocols that emerged in the context of quantum information science (QIS), this software can assist experimental research in the design of new strategies for the investigation of fundamental quantum properties of materials. The package introduced here can simulate both standard NMR spectroscopic observables and the time-evolution of an interacting single-spin system subject to complex pulse sequences, i.e. quantum gates. The main purpose of this software is to facilitate the development of much needed novel NMR-based probes of emergent quantum order, which can be elusive to standard experimental probes. The software is based on a quantum mechanical description of nuclear spin dynamics in NMR/NQR experiments and has been widely tested on available theoretical and experimental results. Moreover, the structure of the software allows for basic experiments to be easily generalized to more sophisticated ones because it includes all the libraries required for the numerical simulation of generic spin systems. In order to make the program easily accessible to a large user base, we developed a user-friendly graphical interface, Jupyter notebooks, and fully-detailed documentation. Lastly, we portray several examples of the execution of the code that illustrate the prosepcts of a novel NMR paradigm, inspired by QIS, for efficient investigation of emergent phases in strongly correlated materials. Program Title: PULSEE (Program for the simULation of nuclear Spin Ensemble Evolution) CPC Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/vvv8tcb2nt.1 Developer's repository link: https://github.com/vemiBGH/PULSEE Licensing provisions: GPLv3 Programming language: Python 3 Nature of problem: Application of nuclear magnetic/quadrupole resonance techniques to study properties of materials often requires extensive spectral simulations. On the other hand, application of magnetic resonance techniques to quantum information science (QIS) involves different sets of observables. Available simulation software addresses only one of these applications: either detailed spectral simulations [1] or QIS relevant observables [2]. For this reason, NMR has not seen as much development in the condensed matter community compared to other spectroscopic techniques that combine these two approaches. Therefore, there is a need for an up-to-date and easily accessible software that can simulate an extensive set of NMR/NQR experimental observables, reproducing the behavior/response of nuclear systems with a varying degree of complexity encountered in strongly correlated quantum materials. Solution method: The open-source Python code provides an extensive set of libraries for the simulation of spin time evolution in the presence of specific interactions and reproduction of spectra; as well as other observables measured in magnetic resonance experiments; and simulations of quantum circuits and gates. The ready-to-use software features a user-friendly graphical interface, and Jupyter notebooks. F. A. Perras, C. M. Widdifield, and D. L. Bryce, “QUEST - Quadrupolar Exact Software: A fast graphical program for the exact simulation of NMR and NQR spectra for quadrupolar nuclei,” Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, vol. 45-46, pp. 36-44, (2012). D. Possa, A. C. Gaudio, and J. C. C. Freitas, “Numerical simulation of NQR/NMR: Applications in quantum computing,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance, vol. 209, pp. 250-260, (2011).
The amplitude and polarization are found for the first coherent radiation pulse generated in time-separated fields with the aid of resonant levels exhibiting a hyperfine structure. It is shown that such hyperfine splitting of the resonant levels does not alter qualitatively the conclusion that it should be possible to observe narrow structures in the intensity of such a pulse under conditions of scanning of the frequency of the exciting pulses. This feature is important because of possible technical applications of such narrow structures. The polarization properties of the first coherent radiation pulse generated in time-separated fields depend strongly on whether one or all hyperfine components of each of the resonant levels participate in the formation of a pulse.