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Physical Review A

Adiabatic approximation for quantum dissipative systems: Formulation, topology, and superadiabatic tracking

Ghassen Dridi, S. Guérin, Hans Rudolf Jauslin, David Viennot, Georges Jolicard

Published Aug 16, 2010• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A generalized adiabatic approximation is formulated for a two-state dissipative Hamiltonian which is valid beyond weak dissipation regimes. The history of the adiabatic passage is described by superadiabatic bases as in the nondissipative regime. The topology of the eigenvalue surfaces shows that the population transfer requires, in general, a strong coupling with respect to the dissipation rate. We present, furthermore, an extension of the Davis-Dykhne-Pechukas formula to the dissipative regime using the formalism of Stokes lines. Processes of population transfer by an external frequency-chirped pulse-shaped field are given as examples.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.82.022109

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A generalized adiabatic approximation is formulated for a two-state dissipative Hamiltonian which is valid beyond weak dissipation regimes. The history of the adiabatic passage is described by superadiabatic bases as in the nondissipative regime. The topology of the eigenvalue surfaces shows that the population transfer requires, in general, a strong coupling with respect to the dissipation rate. We present, furthermore, an extension of the Davis-Dykhne-Pechukas formula to the dissipative regime using the formalism of Stokes lines. Processes of population transfer by an external frequency-chirped pulse-shaped field are given as examples.
We examine the adiabatic limit of population transfer in two-level models driven by a chirped laser field. We show that the nonadiabatic correction is minimized when the adiabatic eigenenergies associated to the dynamics are parallel. In the diagram of the difference of the eigenenergy surfaces as a function of the parameters, this corresponds to an adiabatic passage along a level line. The analytical arguments are based on the Dykhne-Davis-Pechukas treatment. We illustrate this behavior with various examples.
This thesis discusses different aspects of time-dependent two-level quantum systems and their coherent dynamics. In the introductory chapters, we present some basic models used to study them and some basic results related to the level-crossing problems generally. As these systems are only rarely analytically solvable, some emphasis is put on the existing approximative theories. In particular, the generalization of the method of Dykhne, Davis and Pechukas (DDP), originally developed for problems in near-adiabatic region, is studied further. In the DDP theory, the final populations of different states are determined by the complex zero points of the eigenenergies. Superparabolic level-crossing models are introduced in this thesis and they prove to be simple but versatile test models for these studies. It is shown that, by considering all of the zero points, one can obtain accurate approximations also for highly non-adiabatic regions. In Chapter 4, a general differential geometric framework for time-dependent level-crossing models is developed and its basic character is discussed. A natural way of associating a plane curve to a time-dependent two-level model is introduced. This association allows one to use all of the mathematical results concerning plane curves to study these models. As an example, we use the Four-vertex theorem to discuss the adiabatic limit of certain type of systems. We also consider the prospect of enhancing the population transfer by transforming the time-dependent coupling pulse into a zero-area coupling. This is done either smoothly or by an abrupt jump in the phase of the coupling. It has been shown earlier, that one can obtain a complete population inversion (CPI) in a robust way with strong, non-resonant zero-area pulses. We study this in the more general time-dependent setting in Chapter 5, where also the energy levels are driven in a time-dependent fashion. This allows to transport the CPI phenomenon from the strong coupling region towards more moderate couplings. As an example of the smooth case, we consider the SechTanh-model, and show that even the nearest-zero DDP approximation can be used, despite the highly non-adiabatic origin of the phenomenon. We develop an approximative scheme also for the phase-jump case, using the parabolic model as an example. As a limiting case, we derive an approximative formula for the transition probability, which has some universal character and which proves to be useful in the most interesting case where the robust CPI is obtained. It is shown that even the highly suppressed transitions in tunnelling cases can be strongly enhanced in the phase-jump scenario.
The adiabatic quantum evolution of a two-state system without energy-level crossings is an example of the Stokes phenomenon. In the latter, a small (subdominant) exponential is an asymptotic expansion appears when a Stokes line is crossed; truncating the dominant asymptotic series at its least term causes the multiplier of the subdominant term to rise in a smooth, compact and universal manner across the Stokes line. In quantum evolution this corresponds to a smooth transition, universal in form, between 'superadiabatic' basis states (high-order WKB approximate solutions of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation). The authors give a numerical demonstration of this previously predicted universality by constructing, for two Hamiltonians, the superadiabatic quantum bases asymptotic to the actual evolving state. Universality when a Stokes line is crossed is seen in the changing probability that the system makes a transition away from the superadiabatic state, and occurs at that order of superadiabatic approximation corresponding to truncating the asymptotic series at its least term.
We investigate the problem of population transfer in a two-states system driven by an external electromagnetic field featuring a few cycles, until the extreme limit of two or one cycle. Taking the physical constraint of zero-area total field into account, we determine strategies leading to ultrahigh-fidelity population transfer despite the failure of the rotating wave approximation. We specifically implement adiabatic passage based on adiabatic Floquet theory for a number of cycles as low as 2.5 cycles, finding and making the dynamics follow an adiabatic trajectory connecting the initial and targeted states. Nonadiabatic strategies with shaped or chirped pulses, extending the π-pulse regime to two- or single-cycle pulses, are also derived.
The superadiabatic basis scheme developed by Berry [Proc. R. Soc. London 429, 61 (1990)] is used to analyze adiabatic population transfer in the \ensuremath{\Lambda} system in what is known as the counterintuitive pulse scheme. For a specific choice of pulses, we find that the diabatic loss is given by the exponentially small (8-4\ensuremath{\surd}2)exp(-2/\ensuremath{\epsilon}), where \ensuremath{\epsilon} is a small parameter describing the adiabaticity of the process. We thus establish the connection between population transfer in the \ensuremath{\Lambda} system and general adiabatic transition theory. We project numerical solutions onto superadiabatic basis states for the real three-level system and show how the history of population transfer has a very compact and universal history in one particular superadiabatic basis.