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Czechoslovak Journal of Physics

Charge state instabilities in the single-electron trap

V. A. Krpenin, S. V. Lotkhov, Denis E. Presnov, Alexander B Zorin, F. J. Ahlers, J. Niemeyer, Hansjorg Scherer, Thomas Weimann, Henning Wolf

Published Apr 1, 1996• 7 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf02571133

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The charge degree of freedom in solid-state defects fundamentally underpins the electronic spin degree of freedom, a workhorse of quantum technologies. Here we measure, analyze, and control charge-state behavior in individual near-surface nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, where NV^{-} hosts the metrologically relevant electron spin. We find that NV^{-} initialization fidelity varies between individual centers and over time; we alleviate the deleterious effects of reduced NV^{-} initialization fidelity via logic-based initialization. Importantly, we also show that NV^{-} can ionize in the dark on experimentally relevant timescales, and we introduce measurement protocols that mitigate the compromising effects of charge conversion on spin measurements. We identify tunneling to a single local electron trap as the mechanism for ionization in the dark, and we develop novel NV-assisted techniques to control and read out the trap charge state. Our understanding and command of the NV's local electrostatic environment will simultaneously guide materials design and provide unique functionalities with NV centers.
The existence of quantized vortices is a key feature of Bose-Einstein condensates. In equilibrium condensates only quantum vortices of unit topological charge are stable, due to the dynamical instabilities of multiply charged defects, unless supported by strong external rotation. In this Letter we elucidate the formation, stability, coalescence and interactions of bound vortex states in trapped nonequilibrium Bose condensates such as exciton-polariton condensates pumped in a ring geometry. These bound states consist of like-signed vortices which share a single core, but whose singularities are spatially separated within the core. We propose that they may form spontaneously during the condensate formation or externally imprinted and stabilized by the particle fluxes towards the condensate center, which is a stark contrast with instability of multiply charged vortices in equilibrium condensates. We show that the maximum topological charge of these states is limited by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and, therefore, by the condensate radius and pumping intensity. We show that multiply charged vortices in trapped nonconservative condensates become promising testbeds for analog gravity and for studying the fundamental physics of multiply charged vortices in quantum fluids.